The Latino Journey in the United States Immigrants Essay

A diverse minority group of Latino and Spanish-speaking peoples has played an important part of what it means to be American and what it means to be a citizen in the United States today. Moving into the future, in order to analyze the trajectory that this group is in, we must first understand the group’s history in the United States and in territories that would become the United States. In addition, we must look at the origins of the most recent wave of Latino immigration in order to understand their current effect on American society and the intersection between both minority and majority groups. Finally, we get to the apex of this investigation: what lies in the future for Latino Americans in the United States? Although Latino†¦show more content†¦The main difference was that LULAC relied on a strategy of â€Å"passing,† as white or European, because with lighter complexions and Americanization came better access to jobs and mainstream social acceptance (Ruiz 667). By 1939, activists like Blanca Rosa Rodriguez de Leon better known as Luisa Moreno (instead of Blanca Rosa, which means white rose, she changed her name to Luisa, perhaps in honor of Luisa Capetillo and â€Å"Moreno,† which is a term in Spanish used to refer to darker skin complexions), along with other activists like Josefina Fierro, Eduardo Quevedo and Bert Corona helped establish the first national Latino civil rights conference, El Congreso de Pueblos de Hablan Espaà ±ola who worked to end segregation in public facilities, housing, education, and employment (Ruiz 667). They also worked with universities to create Latino studies departments in order to advocate the preservation of Latino cultures, rather than assimilation (Ruiz 668). These organizations helped some of the nearly five hundred thousand Latino-American veterans that returned from World War II. Later they worked to end segregation in various facets of life for Latino-Americans’ like in court cases Mendez v. Westminster (1947) and Perez v. Sharp (1948), which endedShow MoreRelatedThe Immigration Act Of 17901304 Words   |  6 PagesNaturalization Act of the United States. It always makes me think, where would we be today if that law did not pass. The naturalization act of 1790 provided the first rules to be followed by all of the United States in the granting of national citizenship. After many different ethnic groups such as Latino Americans, Native Americans and Asian Americans came to the United States it really raised a question. How did this law change how the groups are identified and their differences? Latino Americans, NativeRead MoreImmigration Is A Whole Other Playing Field Of Racial Stereotypes Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagessafe bet, for instance to go to any state and ask the question, â€Å"when you think of immigration, what race comes to mind?† Most people would say that Latinos make up the majority of immigration into the US. This idea, i n reality is actually very true. Out of all immigrants into the US Latinos make up 51.6%! Out of that percentage 53% are male. Many Latino immigrants are anywhere between the ages of 18 and 64, this age range makes up 79.7% of all Latino immigrants. Most these men come here to find workRead MoreAmerica Is A Nation Of Immigrants1561 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States of America is a nation of immigrants. Therefore, our American journey and our achievements merely not be possible without the generations of immigrants who have come to our shores from every corner of the earth. And It is helpful to take a moment to mirror on the important aids by the generations of immigrants who have helped us build our economy, and made America the economic engine of the world. Because some of these Immigrants with there being here in U.S, the economy will be shakingRead More Immigration Issues Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States has long served as a refuge for people who seek to escape hunger, poverty, torture, and the oppression of the human spirit in their own countries. However, the issue of immigration in the United States has become a political flashpoint since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The sacralization of the tragedy has served to paint all immigrants with the same fear-ladened brush, and has marginalized and stereotyped an already vulnerable population. Today, more than ever,Read MoreTheu.s. Latino And The American Culture746 Words   |  3 Pages Hays and Erford state that â€Å"undocumented U.S. Latino/as are most likely to be shut from economic, educational and physical wellness, and that is not mentioning the stigma that comes being termed illegal; creating a stress from fear of deportation†(323). Being Mexican is hard all together. There are constant battles and discriminatory acts from individuals who feel superior to the Latino community. The racist remarks and common stereotypes make Latinos look superfluous within the A merican cultureRead MoreThe Effects Of Trauma And War Experience On Higher Education1622 Words   |  7 Pagestwelve-year civil war in El Salvador displaced thousands from their homeland leading many to flee as refugees and from political persecution to neighboring countries like the United States. Today an estimated quarter of the Salvadoran population are living outside the country’s borders (Perla, 2009). Although Salvadorans in the United States have gone from a refugee population, it is evident that the long-term effects from the civil war are still present today. Today’s higher education system has yet to addressRead MoreLatino Assimilation to American Culture1291 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Latino Culture: The Struggle with the American ‘Melting Pot’ The year is 1776. In an act of defiance of the oppressive rule of the powerful nation of Great Britain, the political leaders of the British-American colonies sign into existence the United States of America. Even before this inception of the United States, North America had been seen as a place where one could move to start a new life and reap the full rewards for one’s work. These opportunities combined with the new United States governmentRead MoreIllegal College Students And Stress Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesEric Grulke Northern Arizona University November 6, 2016 â€Æ' Statement of Problem American high schools produce thousands of graduates annually. According to Heckman, nearly 65,000 undocumented students graduate from high school each year in the United States (as cited in Oliverez, Chavez, Soriano, Tierney, 2006). Between 5% and 10% of all undocumented students who graduate from high school attend college (as cited in Gonzales, 2007; National Immigration Law Center, 2009). The U.S. Department ofRead MoreSonia Nazario s Enrique s Journey1698 Words   |  7 Pageshungry. In the United States, we are blissfully unaware of what it means to have a food shortage. But what do desperate, motivated, mothers and children resort to when faced with starvation, furthermore, what is the corresponding result on, not only their own families and countries, but the countries that they go to, to seek help, as well as refuge from. Sonia Nazario’s book Enrique’s Journey illustrates the struggles and issues that surround illegal immigration into the United States, ho wever, I feelRead MoreFor My Research Topic, I Want To Analyze The Issues Surrounding1764 Words   |  8 Pagesto be â€Å"dealt with† under the Trump Administration. Some Americans feel that illegal immigrants are criminals and come illegally to the US and cause problems. This controversy has unleashed tension and division amongst American society. I want to research and understand the complexities and causes of Mexican immigration into the United States. Specifically, what are the driving factors that attract Mexican immigrants to Los Angeles and how they have transformed the city. Both my parents were born in

Racism And Its Effects On Africa - 896 Words

Africa is one of the most under-looked and misunderstood areas within our world. Unfortunately, this issue stems from a history of oppression and disruptive influences from outside countries. Also, it does not help that the practices of recording history in the past were not the most ethical and sensitive to the people of Africa. With that came the opportunity for stereotyping and not really seeking to understand the complex dynamic of the continent. Africa is vast in size with great diversity within. The ways of living and functioning may be mysterious to industrial civilizations, but they have much to offer and teach industrial societies. Thus, it is very important to approach and understand Africa without generalizing stereotypes and with adequate historical framework. One of the main issues to combat when thinking about Africa is stereotyping. There are eight major myths that are stigmatized with Africa; however, there are two that are vital in understanding Africa. To begin wit h, Africa is not one huge country, but a continent with about 53 countries. This is extremely important to know because it combats the idea that it is just one grand one cultured land mass. Knowing this not only gives one a deeper understanding of the world we live in, but an awareness of the great diversity within Africa. This is further explained in the next myth that everyone in Africa is black, pagan and uneducated. Africa is quite the opposite with a range of living standards and forms ofShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Imperialism1139 Words   |  5 Pagesimperialism was very prevalent and the events that took place during this time had lasting effects and still affect us to this day. While imperialism could be seen as beneficial, especially to the dominant country, it is has many negative effects. It creates racism, causes conflict between countries, and causes war between nations. One reason imperialism has a negative effect is that it causes racism. Racism is defined as the belief that one s race is superior to another. One of the causes of imperialismRead MoreThe Old Chief Mshlanga By Doris Lessing1706 Words   |  7 Pagespossibility of Africans assimilating into their culture and society, such as France and their idea of Africans becoming â€Å"Black Frenchmen†, colonial Africa was largely a hotbed for discriminatory attitudes and actions against black Africans. The racist practices of European colonists and imperial European countries became part of everyday life for both Europeans in Africa and the native Africans themselves, so much so that these prejudicial positions were relayed through both African and European literatureRead MoreAnalysis Of Conrad s The Heart Of Darkness 1612 Words   |  7 Pagesdegradation of mankind in his novel. Throughout the novel, the reader is able to see Conrad’s perspective of humanity by discussing two in tegral issues of the time, Racism and Colonialism. More importantly one can see how he believes humanity has fallen from grace, how it can’t even see it own faults, through his usage of Darkness. Racism, Colonialism, and Darkness are intrinsically intertwined, as they allow people to egregiously harm their fellow man, while restricting people’s capabilities to seeRead MoreInjustice And Power Imbalances Between Africa And Europe1436 Words   |  6 PagesInjustice and Power Imbalances Between Africa and Europe in the 19th-20th Centuries In the late 19th century, Europe was arguably more stable economically and politically than it ever had been in the past. This was due to the industrial revolution occurring, bringing advances in technology that allowed for faster growth. Along with this, political reformations were abundant throughout the continent, especially in places such as Britain, Austria, and Italy, all of which were important areas for EuropeRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa1440 Words   |  6 PagesSpringbok tour, and more significantly the public disturbances that arose because of it, is one of the most impactful events on New Zealand, and even South African society. The controversial idea of having sporting interactions with apartheid ruled South Africa was not new to New Zealand politics, yet with Prime Minister Robert Muldoon in charge, the situation was escalated to astonishing heights. The violence all around New Zealand, between police, protesters and anti-protestors was immense. The impactRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Olandah Equiano1716 Words   |  7 Pagesprovides a view of Africa and the rest of the world from the perspective of either an African taken into slavery early in his life or a slave of African descent born in the British colonies. Olandah Equiano’s narrative reveals more about the African Diaspora than it does African history itself, particularly with his birthplace called into question. If he was born in Africa as he claims, Equiano’s narrative provides a primary source for the history of the slave trade in Africa and Nigerian historyRead MoreRacism : A History? Essay922 Words   |  4 Pages RACISM: A HISTORY Name Course Date Abstract This essay will focus on the film Racism: a History. I picked the film over the other films offered, because it taught me many things about history of the Black Americans. It illustrates how race continues to justify economic misuse and injustices. It shows how people moved from their maternal land, bound in slavery, and killed. This happens when people view others as though they are not human beings. This film helpsRead MoreAgainst All Shareholders1155 Words   |  5 PagesGovernment Greed Oil, stockholders, drama, racism, government and death are all words that come to mind when the Case Study of Caltrex are exposed. This controversy that occurred was one of the most horrific yet historic events in our pastime. This showed many examples of how management of companies has the responsibilities beyond normal duties to ensure a high return for stockholders. Investments should always carry high criteria before making the investment because people’s livelihood dependsRead MoreFor the Good of South Africa in Theophilus Msimangus Cry, the Beloved Country 1657 Words   |  7 Pagespowerful quote spoken by Msimangu which reflects among his character throughout the book. Msimangu hoped for people living in South Africa to forget race and to instead think of what would best help the country. Although South Africa has been on a rocky path, they do seem to have taken a turn on the right path, on the path to racial equality for all. Unfortunately, South Africa has not full y met Msimangus ideas on which people of all races work together solely to help for the good of the country. MsimanguRead MoreEssay on Another Heart of Darkness1021 Words   |  5 Pages Ignorance and Racism Joseph Conrad develops themes of personal power, individual responsibility, and social justice in his book Heart of Darkness. His book has all the trappings of the conventional adventure tale - mystery, exotic setting, escape, suspense, unexpected attack. Chinua Achebe concluded, quot;Conrad, on the other hand, is undoubtedly one of the great stylists of modern fiction and a good story-teller into the bargainquot; (Achebe 252). Yet, despite Conrads great story telling, he

Superannuation of Frank & Heather Barnes-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Superannuation of Frank and Heather Barnes. Answer: Develop Appropriate Strategies and Solutions The review of the current structure and the investment strategy of Edithvale Retirement Fundhas been discovered to have a total asset of $625K. In this respect, the member account of Frank is $380,000, for Heather is $220,000 and for ben is $25,000. It is seen that the asset that is available in the Edithvale Retirement Fund has been segmented into $39,000 for Cheque Account, $50,000 for Term Deposit 1, $25,000 for Term Deposit 2, $211,000 for Share Portfolio and $300,000 for managed funds. It is even seen that the investment strategy has to be increased in order to increase the income that would help ben in undertaking a loan for the purchase of the commercial property. The compliance issue that is existent with the fund is that it has to maintain a minimum amount of fund so that it can be helpful in purchasing the commercial property where Frank operates his business. Frank pays a rent of $75k for the commercial property and in order to purchase the property the fund needs to incre ase their level of return by undertaking new investments and by increasing the fund value of the share portfolio and the managed funds. When an individual looks to transfer the their business property into their retirement fund, it is essential to consider a number of issues like the allowable assets, stamp duty, tax consequences and the GST issues. The transfer of the business property to the retirement fund will be possible with the help paying the capital gains and considering the tax and VAT issues. It is even essential to understand the contribution rules and the risks associated with it. The transformation can be completed by paying the administrative charges as well as the taxes that are applicable to be paid. The transfer of the business property to the retirement fund would help maintain the income level of Frank even after retirement. Ben does not have the capability to pay $ 1 million for the mortgage and therefore transferring the business property to the retirement fund and not seeling the business would mean that the fund would have a higher value leading to the banks granting loan for the purchase of t he property. The recommendation that can be given is paying off the capital gains and the other existing taxes so that there are no obligations from the government thereby increasing the fund balance of Edithvale. A strategic planning needs to be undertaken for the clients and it is seen that the fund will be created in such a way so that the expectations of Frank, Heather and Ben can be met. The tax planning and structuring that requires to be paid by the client includes the capital gains tax and GST. Ben does not need to the taxes as his fund amount is $25,000. The couple are in the planning of retiring and therefore it is recommended that the business property is transferred to the Edithvale Retirement Fund thereby improving their income. Ben requires to invest in a superannuation fund in order to increase his income and create a fund for future retirement. The management of the risk should be done by taking advice from the solicitor and accountants so that they can provide recommendations and advise that would reduce the level of risk. The protection of the asset is possible by taking help of the accountant and analysing the market from time to time and investing in the appropriate fund th ereby improving the rate of return. The investment advice should be taken from a proper consultant while the management cash flow should be done by the accountant. The level of income and expenses should be maintained in an appropriate manner thereby maintaining profit for the client that can be used for investment purpose. Personal budgeting should be done by allocating the amount that would be spent on various areas and thereby improving the return for the client. Strategies and Negotiate Solutions The strategies that would be given to the client would be presented in the form of a formal document where all the recommendations would be written down in an effective manner and this would provide a proper idea to the clients. A meeting will be fixed with the client where all the requirements and the strategies would be addressed in an effective manner so that the clients can gain knowledge and in case of any queries can address them to the consultants. The steps of explaining the existing assets into superannuation would be done with the help of proper presentation and explaining each and every step and the concessions the clients are supposed to receive. With respect to the special contributions the Frank and Heather are liable for such contributions as they have crossed the age of 60 years. Real estate transfer is possible to the retirement fund as the client have their own house. Concession on capital tax implication is available for Frank and Heather but not for Ben. The two concerns that the clients may raise would be the level of risk associated and what can happen in case of changes in the market and valuation of stock. It is observed that such issues can be resolved by answering that the level of risk is low with the help of suitable evidence and with respect to changes in the market; the client can at any time withdraw the money and can invest in any other kind of portfolio. The clients are proposed a portfolio review and financial plan review so that the investment fund can be managed appropriately. The client would be provided financial review plan and portfolio review so that proper assessment of the managed fund can be undertaken. The associated fee includes the consultation fee and the management fee of the portfolio. Bibliography Arnold, Bruce, et al. "Partner-Scale Economies, Service Bundling, and Auditor Independence in the Australian Self-Managed Superannuation (Pension) Fund Industry." Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory 36.2 (2016): 161-180. Bird, Ron, et al. "Experiences of Current and Former Members of Self-Managed Superannuation Funds." (2016). Cummings, James R. "Effect of fund size on the performance of Australian superannuation funds." Accounting Finance 56.3 (2016): 695-725. Earl, Joanne K., et al. "Financial literacy, financial judgement, and retirement self-efficacy of older trustees of self-managed superannuation funds." Australian Journal of Management 40.3 (2015): 435-458.

The Wonderful War On Drugs Essays - Drug Control Law, Drug Culture

The Wonderful War On Drugs The Wonderful War On Drugs In recent years the so-called ?war on drugs? has taken over the streets and back alleys of suburban America. It has caused a problem that mirrors the prohibition days of the 1920's and early 30's. Politicians trying to play ?tough guy,? are only contributing to more violence. Their laws have created an underground drug-trade, in which modern drug-dealers have taken the place of the bootleggers of old. The real question is whether or not this ?war? is working. Most people would like to believe that it is, and there are a few statistics that show it has. But just watch any news program, and you will see this war has failed miserably. Drug-related crimes happen constantly in today's society, and in recent years have involved increasing numbers of innocent bye standards. Daily, police officers face ruthless dealers, who would rather shoot at a cop than spend 25 years in prison. On top of all that, there has been no real proof of a decline in drug use among people in America. Is this ?war ? really the best answer to America's widespread drug problem? Should the government be allowed to spend billions annually fighting this hopeless war? Looking at this information you begin to realize that, not only does this ?war? affect every person in the U.S., but it is also a war with no winners. War is never pretty, and the war on drugs is no exception. For this ?war? to work it must stop drugs in at least one of three areas. Either by stopping drugs at the border, stopping drug dealers at home, or preventing drug use within the country. Military and law enforcement has failed to accomplish any of these, and it is not because of limited funds. ?Last year state and federal governments spent $30 billion plus on the battle against drugs?(Anony71). This outrageous spending hasn't made a dent in the modern drug-trade. Politicians are trying to approach the problem with supply-side economics. You try to block the supply to force the cost of hard drugs up, pricing most users out of the market. It has not worked. ?Cocaine and heroin prices have fallen greatly since the early 80's, while strength and purity tend to be rising in these drugs?(Anony71). The statistics regarding drug interdiction at the border have proven stopping drugs at the border is an expensive failure. Joseph McNam ara say's ?the government estimates that they seize only 10% of the drugs coming across the border?(537). Stopping the dealers within our own borders hasn't proved an easy task either. With police going after more common users dealers are forced to compete more violently for fewer customers. Doctors in Detroit are saying that they're ?seeing fewer overdoses, but more drug related shootings, stabbings, and assaults as dealers fight amongst themselves?(Torr39). No real decrease in drug use among citizens has been seen as a result of police action anyway. Increasing numbers of teens are turning to a life of drugs in America. ?Marijuana use among teens has doubled in the last three years?, while at the same time ?Americans are spending $20 billion annually on drug related medical costs?(McCaffery4). For this battle to be fought, it must be proven as a cause worth fighting for. Fencing off the entire country, and jamming non-violent offenders in already overcrowded prisons is not a smart way for this battle to be won. If you look closely it is plain to see that prohibition has not worked in the past, and will most definitely not work in the future. Should the government really be allowed to prosecute non-violent offenders for consensual crimes committed in their own home? You may have heard the saying ?history always repeats itself,? does America not remember what the outcome of alcohol prohibition was. The outlawing of any controlled substance will only bring rise to more violent outlaws willing to risk life and limb for high profits. By making drugs illegal, they are also making drug prices skyrocket. As Weir puts it ?the War on Drugs makes narcotics a hundred times more expensive, than if they were to be purchased legitimately?(160). This increase in price causes hard-core users to commit crimes

A Fear of Flying Turning a Simple Dream into a Story of Triumph

A Fear of Flying Turning a Simple Dream into a Story of Triumph Have you ever had a dream that you could fly? When I was a child, I had recurring lucid flying dreams. In one, my parents are entertaining company. I start demonstrating how I can fly. I’m riding the airwaves above the yellow shag rug in the living room, and everyone is entranced. In the dream, flying is the most natural thing in the world and I know that anyone can do it if they just learn to catch the right currents. Watch me go! It’s just like swimming! Then, I would awake. from thecharmingplace.com greeting cards The thrill of flying came crashing down. I was left distraught, wishing I had never had the dream at all. In my child’s mind, it was worse to discover that my ecstasy was imagined than to avoid it in the first place. So I decided I would prefer NOT flying in my dreams to the trauma and disappointment I faced upon awakening. I resolved to wake myself up the next time I had a flying dream. Reality Check Sure enough, one night I found myself flying around with the characters from Alice in Wonderland, cards and spades whisking through the air. I promptly gave myself a whack on the head with my right hand and woke up immediately. The dream was over. No more disappointing awakenings to â€Å"reality† for me! That was the last flying dream I ever had. Until last Thursday. Reclamation In my dream, I once again have an audience, and I am doing swimming strokes through the air. I feel the support of the air under me, and I stay airborne for minutes at a time. What power and freedom! I want everyone around me to discover this joy! This time I choose to let the dream take its natural course. And when I wake up, there is no trauma or disappointment. Rather, I experience an aliveness from the knowledge that I have reclaimed something. What’s possible from here? Rising above my limiting beliefs. A different perspective on life. And getting in touch with an adventurous, powerful piece of myself that knows anything is possible. I wonder, what disappointments have led you to stop dreaming? Are you willing to let yourself fly again? Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinJune 27, 2017 3 Comments The Essay Expert says: August 23, 2011 at 7:13 pm Thanks BeeGee. Yes I must have reached a point in life where I am not only capable of handling disappointment, but where I choose to risk disappointment in favor of experiencing joy. And creating a support system is definitely key. Disappointments can be tough to handle alone. Log in to Reply Penelope J. says: August 28, 2011 at 5:40 pm Interesting that you learned to control your flying dreams. I used to have tidal wave dreams that were more like nightmares but once, I saw that wave coming towards me, and thought, Here goes and dove straight into it. I often had flying dreams and contrary to your experience, I loved them! I would awake with a great feeling of empowerment. My flying dreams have slowed down with age though occasionally, I get similar ones where I discover, to my delight, that I can run as fast as a deer. I should say that most of my dreams the ones I remember enrich my waking hours. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: August 30, 2011 at 4:52 pm I love the running as fast a deer dream Penelope! And Im glad you didnt have to go through what I did to learn to enjoy what are clearly powerful dreams! Log in to Reply

Pips benefactor Essays

Pips benefactor Essays Pips benefactor Paper Pips benefactor Paper The convict has to treat Pip badly and frighten him because the convict is on the run and if he is caught he will be sentenced to death, therefore the convict has to be careful with Pip. If Pip is scared he will do as the convict tells him.  It is important for Dickens to start the novel with such a climatic and tension filled start, so that he grabs the readers attention. Pip supplies the convict with food in reward for friendship later on, hence the convict being Pips benefactor. I think that Dickens uses the supplying allegorically; Dickens supplies us with a climatic and tension full start in return for our attention and understanding of the message he was trying to get across. Which was: if you were rich you got treated well, if you werent then you didnt get treated well.  To mark the convicts second arrival the weather returns to cold, dark and stormy which re-suggests the imagery and pathetic fallacy of the first appearance. We think back to the churchyard and the horror genre, as we do not know that the convict has changed. Pip is startled to see the convict (at first he doesnt even recognise him because it has been such a long time since they first encountered one-another). Pip is happy for the convicts new life but wonders why he has come to visit him from Australia without any notice. Then it becomes apparent; the convict is Pips benefactor, much to Pips disappointment. Pip was so sure that Miss Havisham was his benefactor; All the truth of my position came flashing on me; and its disappointments, dangers, disgraces, consequences of all kinds, rushed in such a multitude that I was borne down by them and had to struggle for every breathe I drew. This was such a blow to Pip because he hoped that if Miss Havisham was his benefactor so that he could marry Estella. Pip talks to the convict in a negative way at first; Stay! said I, Keep off! If you are grateful to me for I did when I was a little child, I hope you have shown your gratitude by mending your way of life-thats like Pip saying nice of you to come but bye, go. Pips attitude of the convict quickly changes; they become great friends. I think that Dickens brings the convict back into the novel now because Pip and us have been led to believe that Miss Havisham was Pips benefactor because Estella has come back into Pips life and it fits concurrently.  This also creates tension; How will Pips relationship with the convict change, or will it? How will Pips relationship with Miss Havisham change, or will it? How will Pips relationship with Estella change, or will it? Pip becomes annoyed with Miss Havisham because she led him to believe that she was his benefactor but she doesnt care about her wrong doings because she wanted to break as many male hearts as possible, this was because her husband-to-be stood her up on the day of their wedding. After Pips shock of the convict being his benefactor they become great friends, almost like father and son, this friendship last until the convicts death; he had spoken his last words. The convict stays with Pip and the book until the convict dies but the scene where the convict gets sentenced is dark, dull and scary. The sun was striking in at the great windows of the court, through the glittering drops of rain upon the glass, and it made a broad shaft of light between the two-and-thirty and the judgedown to the drops of April rain on the window of the court, glittering in the rays of April sun all of this is describing the scene in which the convicts trial takes place. But it is also describing the convicts feelings using pathetic fallacy; the rain represents the convicts sadness, as he knows that he going to be sentenced to death. The sun symbolises the convicts happiness; he is pleased that he has changed his way of life and that he made Pips life a better one. The description of the weather is also a metaphor of what is happening to the convict; the rain is telling us that the convict is being judged and the sun tells us that Dickens considered the convict to be a good person and doesnt deserve to be sentenced to death. Where it says and others were chewing the fragments of herb they had taken from the sweet herbs lying about, we get the idea that the people sentenced to death wanted one last taste of sweet life before dying as their remaining time before being hung would be sour.  While the audience got up (putting their dresses right, as they might at church or elsewhere) we get the idea that as these poor people were getting sentenced to death the rich people would watch as if it were some type of show or something. This ties in with the point that Dickens was making, poor people were treated dishonourably, the way that all the two-and-thirty were all crammed into one room also supports Dickens point because if you were rich and getting sentenced you were sentenced by yourself.  Also with Dickens idea of the legal system being iniquitous the judge doesnt take into account that the convict has changed, he has helped Pip quite significantly, the convict made Pip a gentleman. The convict was now living a good life but this new lifestyle was ignored by the court due to his background.

AS Level English Literature - Aspects of Narrative Essay

AS Level English Literature - Aspects of Narrative - Essay Example This is the time when the superpower witnessed levels of prosperity which shall remain unprecedented in the history of America and will be always marked with glory as the â€Å"roaring† 1920s due to excessive soaring of the economy. At the same time, the society of America also witnessed prohibition which instigated ban on the manufacturing and sale of alcohol as made mandatory by the Eighteenth Amendment. This made many people millionaires out of bootlegger business (CandiULB, â€Å"America from 1917 to 2008†). After the republication of the novel during the years of 1945 and 1953, the novel reached the pinnacle of glory and a huge readership acceptance till date and started being considered as the paragon in American literature and classic for its great plot, fascinating narrative and universally relative socio-economic discourse. Establishment of the Context and Major Themes of the Novel by Fitzgerald in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 Chapter One and Chapter Two of the nove l form the initiating chapters of the great tale and also present a platform where the author explicitly prepares his readers to understand the theme, background and context of his novel. At the outset of the plot these kinds of hints or psychological grooming of the readers is an evident phenomenon from a great author as Fitzgerald. A thorough and a close introspection of the novel would enable the readers to understand that the plot of the novel is woven into multiple themes pertaining to myriad perspectives about life, culture, age and society that the author intend to present. Amid multiple themes captivated within the tight-lipped plot of the novel, the decline of the American Dream in the 1920s and the hollowness of the higher class form the major themes of the novel. Apart from these two poignant themes, there are also certain minor themes which can be considered as quite pertinent themes present in the novel such as, honesty, decay, roles played by the genders, violence, con flict of the class, religion and World War I. Prior to a close analysis of the context of the novel and its development at the outset of the novel, it becomes obvious from the perspective of the narration that it is a conscious deviation from the writing style of Fitzgerald. The plot opens with the introduction of Nick Carraway. Nick is portrayed as a bachelor from the background of a Midwestern family who graduated from the University of Yale in the year 1915 and participated in the World War I for a while. Nick comes back to the Midwest before his settlement in New York and plans to learn about the â€Å"bond business† and despite his wealthy upbringing; Nick continues a modest way of living. In this part of the story, Gatsby, the hero of Nick’s novel is introduced and Nick appears as the author and also the narrator of the story. His description of a â€Å"gorgeous† hero in the form of Gatsby at the beginning of the novel indicates that he is deeply disgusted with the national concepts and perceptions that are accepted widely. He indicates explicitly that his education from his father enabled him not to judge people with the same kind of moral standards and parameters he sets for himself. He comments, â€Å"In my YOUNGER and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I’ve been turning over in my mind ever since†. â€Å"â€Å"Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone†

Corporate finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate finance - Assignment Example Miller & Modigliani capital structure irrelevance proposition In the year 1958 Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller highlighted that in â€Å"perfect capital markets† the capital structure does not have any influence on the value of the firm rendering it irrelevant. The perfect capital markets are not characterised by any market frictions like trading costs, taxes and the information is easily transmitted between the investors and the managers. M&M made a clear distinction between the financial risk and business risk faced by a firm. While the financial risk refers to the choice of risk distribution between the bondholders and shareholders, the business risk refers to the uncertainty of cash flows of the business. It has been pointed out by Miller and Modigliani that changes in leverage does not cast any significant influence on the cash flows generated by the business. Therefore changes in leverage cannot alter the value of the firm. ... The firms as well as individuals can borrow or lend at the risk-free interest rate. The firms employ risky equity and risk-free debt. There exist only corporate taxes i.e. absence of personal income taxes or wealth taxes. They assumed perpetuity of cash flows i.e. assuming the growth rate to be zero (Lee, et al., 2009, p.202). As per M&M model the value of levered firm (VL) is equal to the value of unlevered firm (VU). Suppose there are two companies- Company 1 and Company2. It is assumed that the two companies have identical cash flows and belong to same risk profile. The difference between the two companies is with respect to financing. M&M state that the market value of the two companies is same. Suppose the pay-off of Company 1 in good state is 160 and in bad state is 50. This company is financed only by the equity mode of financing. Similarly the payoff of Company 2 is 160 in good state and 50 in bad state. It is financed by the combination of debt and equity. Suppose the total debt of Company 2 is $60 and its market value is $50; the market value of its equity is $50. Then the value of the Company 2 is- VL = Value of its equity + Value of debt = 50+50 =100 Now if the value of Company 1 is different from Company 2 say 103. Then an arbitrage strategy can be created- An investor can sell Company 1 at 103. He can buy the equity of Company 2 at $50 and debt at $50. The net cash flow is- = 103-100 =3 This process will continue until the Value of Company 1 is equal to Company 2 (Banal-Estanol , 2010). The increase in leverage component raises the risk and return of the shareholders. This can be stated as- RE = RO + (B/S)(RO – RD) RE is the return on levered equity RO is return on unlevered equity B is the debt value S is the

Methods for Simply Supported Beams and Columns in Steel Essay

Methods for Simply Supported Beams and Columns in Steel - Essay Example (Lecture 10.6.2: Shear Connection II) To define the total and fractional shear connection, one can simplify as only a simply supported beam by means of 'constant cross-sections' that are deemed to consideration of an evenly dispersed loading or of one concentrated load, but cannot be both. By taking the 'critical length' of a simply supported beam into consideration, the ultimate worth of the overall longitudinal shear force in the length could be calculated by presuming that the plastic resistance moment can be attained within the inner critical cross-section. Therefore the overall longitudinal shear force is equivalent to the less significant plastic axial resistance within either the steel component or the concrete slab within the critical cross-section in question. We can assume that ductile connectors are used for the reason of the design method for a partial shear connection. One should establish the notion of a lessened definitive moment curve and lacking the need to assess the slip along the steel-concrete interface. By assuming that every connector cultivates its design shear resistance, the overall longitudinal shear force within every significant length is equivalent to the total of the shear resistances of the connectors and also to the ultimate compressive force within the concrete slab. A significant choice for the efficient usage of composite beams in buildings is the partial shear connection. Simply supported beams designs depend on the connector ductility and when non-ductile shear connectors are employed the use of an elastic beam theory is used within the simplest design method, assessing the longitudinal shear force per unit length, although when the ductile shear connectors are used, the employment of plastic resistance of cross-sections used within the 'stress block design method'. (Lecture 10.6.2: Shear Connection II) A minimal measure of connectivity depends upon the beam's extent and attention is attracted to the requirements thereof. Through the application of the new (FRP) fibre reinforced polymer bars as extra strengthening within civil engineering constructions, by speedily attaining progress, it may well substitute the conventional steel as it consists of superior matter and of a very good cost-effectiveness. It also adds an advantage of more durability to conventional steel within a problematic atmosphere and surroundings and within areas where conventional steel has the unneeded magnetism or electricity conduction. 172357 3 Another method of column design is within a non-sway bare steel structure. "A semi-rigid design of partially restrained columns in non-sway steel frames." (Journal of Constructional Steel Research 1999) This of which withholds the semi-rigid action of the 'beam to column' connectivity upon the approximation of the efficient length ratio.

Static Var Compensator to Improve Profile Voltage

Static Var Compensator to Improve Profile Voltage Implementation of Static Var Compensator to Improve Profile Voltage On transmission System 70kV-150kV APJ Pasuruan Abstract System requirements for power is growing in line with the needs in line with population and industrial electricity consumption, so there is an alternative to maximize the utilization of the transmission line, one of them with equipment Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS). Hardware FACTS device in this research one of which is a Static Var Compensator (SVC) to maintain the stability of the voltage remains constant at face value by injecting reactive power into the system can be controlled. Tool OCP contained in the software Electrical Transient Analysis Program (ETAP) is used to determine the location and capacity of SVC by applying the Genetic Algorithm (GA). To test the proposed method, the system standard IEEE 14-bus and the 70kV-150kV transmission system 12 bus APJ Pasuruan used for simulation in this study. From the analysis of 12 buses can be evidenced by the placement and capacity SVC in Bangil2 bus with a capacity of 43.2 MVAr Qc can raise the pr ofile of the voltage to fall within the permitted margin of 0.95 p.u. to 1.05 p.u. Reviewed Bangil2 bus, bus Bulukandang, buses and bus Pandaan Sukorejo.serta can reduce the power of 10.158 MW and MVAr be 9.9966 45.048 44.660 MW and MVAr. Index Terms Static Var Compensator, Profile Voltage, ETAP Power Station, 70kV-150kV Transmission System. IN RECENT YEARS, the needs of the electric power system in Indonesia continues to increase along with the demand for electricity and the increase in population and industrial electricity consumption. In this case the development and construction of new plants and transmission lines are needed to meet the needs of the growing burden. Akantetapi it is determined based on the consideration of environmental and economic factors. In addition to the prohibitive cost, the construction of new transmission lines also require a very long time[1].So there is an alternative to maximize the utilization of transmission lines, one of which is by using equipment Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS)[2]. FACTS devices of several types of devices, Static Var Compensator (SVC) is widely sudah digunakan around the  world, including in Indonesia itself has been applied in the GI Jember. Based on the standard PLN, the voltage value allowed on electric power system ranging from 0.95 to 1.05 pu of nominal voltage[3]..SVC Can maintain the stability of the voltage remains constant at a value nominalnya by injecting reactive power into the system can be controlled. Installation SVC at one point or some places could increase the value of the voltage profile and reduce power losses (losses)on the power system[4]. FACTS concept device was introduced by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in late 1980. Where the FACTS device can increase the capacity of the transmission system and control the flow of power (loadflow)is flexible[5].On the other hand FACTS devices can also reduce the cost of electrical energy generation and improve voltage stability of the transition state(transient)[6] [7]. Therefore, this paper will discuss the placement and the determination of optimal capacity SVC for voltage profile improvement 70-150 kV using Genetic Algorithms in the software ETAP Power Station A. System Modeling Electricity Modeling electric power system is defined as a network system consisting of components or electrical equipment such as generators, transformers, transmission line, and a load interconnected and establish a system.[8] [9] B. Generator model Generatorsare modeled as a PV bus. Which generator terminal voltage at a constant value. This is because the generator using AVR (AutomaticVoltageRegulator) to regulate the voltage on the bus. On the bus references (SlackBus), generator dioprasikan by rating voltage and phase angle const ant. In mathematical equations active power (MW) and reactive power (MVAr) generated by the generator can be written as follows: (1) . (2) Where: Pg and Qg=Active and reactive power is delivered terminal generator. Vt = terminal voltage generator ÃŽÂ ´ = generator phase angle Eq= internal voltage generator Xd and Xq = synchronous reactance C. Power Transformer Power transformer of the power system can be expressed mathematically by the equation: .. (3) (4) Where: E = Voltage (pu) F = frequency N =Number of turns = maximum fluxsi From the equation it can be seen that the mechanical power transformer primary and secondary winding is not connected, but electrically interconnected by electromagnetic induction. D. Transmission Line Transmission lines are represented in accordance with the class of transmission. Representation of the transmission line based on the distance is divided into three parts, namely: 1. Short Transmission (l km / 50 miles) 2. The transmission medium (80 km / 50 mi 3. Transmission length (l> 240 km / 150 miles) Figure 1. the equivalent circuit transmission line short Figure 2. the equivalent circuit transmission line medium and length of Short the transmission line, has a channel length of less than 80 km (50 miles) assumed that the capacitance value can be ignored and only the taking into account the value of the resistance (R) and inductive reactance (XL).With assumed in a balanced (balanced), the transmission line can show by using the equivalent circuit of the phase with resistance value (R) and inductive reactance (XL)which are connected in series (series impedance), which can be seen in Figure 2.1. While in the middle of the transmission line, the transmission line has a length of 80 km (50 miles) and 240 km (150 miles). In the middle of the transmission line, the capacitance conductor can not be ignored so that the conductor can be modeled using the equivalent circuit of one phase in the form of nominal à Ã¢â€š ¬ which can be seen in Figure 2.2. But for a long transmission line, capacitance and impedance conductive assumed contained on all the conductors to the limit of infinite. E. Electrical load In power systems, there are two kinds of modeling the load is static load and dynamic load. 1) Model Static Load Static load model is a model that represents active and reactive power as a function of the bus voltage and frequency. Static load in response to changes in voltage and frequency is reached quickly, so it tends to steady-state condition. Static load models are typically used for components such as resistive loads and lighting loads, and is also sometimes used to approach the dynamic components. 2) Model Load dynamic Dynamic load model is a model that represents the active power and reactive follow the dynamics of the system variables, so that the condition can change at any time. F. Drop Voltage The Drop Voltage is the amount of voltage that is missing on a conductor. The voltage drop across the power line is generally proportional to the length of the channel and the load, and inversely proportional to the cross sectional area of the conductor. The magnitude of the voltage drop expressed either in percent or in the amount of Volt. G. Static Var Compensator Static Var Compensator or called SVC is one of the FACTS equipment Device consisting of a reactor component with a large set of inductive reactive power compensation and capacitor as a source of reactive power, power electronics equipment as well equipped as a switching device. Broadly speaking, the function of which is to preserve SVC (controller) voltage stability remain constant at its face value. SVC is a generator / load connected shunt static VAR where output is set for the exchange of inductive or capacitive currents in order to maintain or control the power system can be varied. TCR (Thyristor Controlled Reactor) at the fundamental frequency can be treated as a variable inductance . (5) Where, XV is a variable reactance SVC while XL is the reactance caused by the fundamental frequency without control thyristor and ÃŽÂ ± is the angle of ignition so that the total equivalent impedance of the controller can be expressed in: .. (6) Value rx = XC / XL is given by the controller limit ignition angle limit of value fixed in accordance with the design. control law The steady state contained in the SVC typical VI characteristic figure 2.3 is .. (7) where V and I are rms voltage and current magnitude and Vref is the reference voltage. Typical values for slope XSL is 2 to 5%, tehadap SVC base; The value is necessary to avoid passing the limit of bus voltage variation is small. A typical value controlled voltage range of Vref.[11] [12] Figure 3. V I characteristics instate SVC steady H. Power Flow method By using the Newton Raphson method to analyze the power flow by forming a non-linear algebraic equations of power flow calculation can be determined by performing a comparison between the voltage change in voltage angle and the magnitude of the voltage with active power changes and reactive power (k)).[11]In the mathematical equations of power flow can be written as follows: (8) Where: is the value of active power (MW) is the value of reactive power (MVAr) I. Software ETAP Power Station ETAP (Electric Transient and Analysis Program)is a software full-graphics that can be used to design and test the condition of the existing electric power system. ETAP can be used to simulate the electrical power system offline in the form of a simulation module, monitoring the operation data in realtime, simulation, real time system optimization, energy management systems andsimulation of intelligent loads hedding. ETAP is designed to handle a variety of conditions and electric power system topologies both in the consumer side of the industry as well as to analyze the performance of the system at the utility. software Thisis equipped with facilities to support the simulation of such networks AC and DC (AC and DC networks),the design of cable networks, grid earth (groundgrid), GIS, panel design, arc-flash, coordination of protective devices (protective devices coordination /selectivity),and AC / DC control system diagram. ETAP Power Station also provides a library that will simplify the design of an electrical system. library This can be edited or can be added to the information equipment. This software works by plant (project).Each plant must provide modeling support equipment associated with the analysis that will be performed. For instance generator, load data, channel data, etc. A plant consists of a sub-set of the electrical system that require special electrical components and interconnected. In Power Station, each plant must provide a data base for that purpose. ETAP Power Station can be used to describe a single line diagram graphically and conduct some analysis / study of the Load Flow Short Circuit, the motor starting, harmonics, transient stability, protective device coordination, and Optimal Capacitor Placement.[13] A few things to note in working with ETAP Power Station are: One Line Diagram, shows the relationship between the components / equipment so as to form an electrical system. Library, information about all of the equipment that will be used in the electrical system. Data electrical and mechanical equipment details / full can simplify and improve the results of simulation / analysis. The standard is used, usually refers to the IEC or ANSI standards, the frequency of the system and method the method used. Case Study, containing parameters parameters related to the method of study to be performed and format of analytical results. Completeness of data from each element / component / electrical equipment on the system that will be very helpful analyzed the results of the simulation / analysis can approach the actual operational state.[13] J. Genetic Algorithms on OCP tool within ETAP Optimal Capacitor Placement (OCP) is one of the tools in the software ETAP Power Station which uses genetic algorithm for optimal capacitor placement. Genetic Algorithm is an optimization technique that is based on the theory of natural selection. An algorithm starts with the generation solutions with the diversity to represent the characteristics of the overall search space. By mutation and crossover characteristics that both have to be taken to the next generation. The optimal solution can be achieved through repeated generations. The most common method is based on a rule of thumb followed by running multiple power flow studies for fine tuning size and location. multiple power flow for fine tuning size and location. K. Objective Function The objective of the placement problems SVC is to improve the voltage profile and reduce the total power losses in power systems installed. The objective function is obtained from two terms. The first is the placement of SVC with the approach of the capacitor and the second is the total power loss. The objective function associated with the placement of the capacitor consists of a total power loss and the capacity of the capacitor. In general, the optimal capacitor placement and capacity can be written in the following equation [14]: .. . (9) Subject to: .. (10) .. (11) Where: P loss= Total power loss J = Total Bus = Placement capacity capacitors on the bus j Vj= voltage rms at bus j V min= minimum voltage is allowed (pu) V max= maximum voltage that allowed (pu) = maximum capacitor capacity permissible = minimum capacity capacitor bank L. Operatinal Constraint Along the feeder are required to remain within upper and lower limits after the addition of capasitors on the feeder. Voltage constrains can be taken into account by voltage. M. Placement of Static Var Compensator placement static var compensator used approach OCP. OCP is the optimal capacitor placement that exist in software ETAP power station which will be described in research methodology. Optimal placement of capacitors in the power system has many variables including the capacitor capacity, optimal placement, voltage and harmonics. Where in determining placement and optimum capacity, types of capacitors can be adjusted based on conditions on the ground. Namum considering these variables, making optimal placement becomes very complicated. So as to simplify the analysis, the type of capacitor can be assumed as follows: 1. The system is in equilibrium (balanced) 2. All types are considered constant load N. Capacitors Capacity Capacitors In determining capacity, used capacity started based standard smallest capacity of capacitors and multiples thereof. So based on these standards, the capacity of the capacitor can be used as a discrete variable. and will be used as the capacity of the SVC. In the analysis of the placement and the determination of the optimum capacity of capacitors to improve voltage profile and reduction in power losses, papers It uses the standard IEEE as a reference point in the implementation process and workmanship. Testing and research with survey data obtained from PT. PLN (Persero) APP TJBTB Probolinggo. With the data obtained, it can be simulated transmission system APJ Pasuruan 70 kV and 150 kV using software ETAP Power Station. Simulations can be done in the form of power flow or Load Flow, which is to know the profile of the voltage, active power, reactive power and losses that occur in the system 70 kV and 150 kV After conducting a study of power flow it is known conditions of the bus who suffered voltage drop (under voltage).If there are conditions that decrease the bus voltage below the allowable margin (0.95 A. Flow studies Flowused in the preparation of this study are as follows: Start Drawing single line diagrams. Input data: data generator, a data channel, the data load. Running the simulation Load Flow using Method Newton Raphson To check whether the voltage on the system is at the permitted margin of 0.95 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ V à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 1.05 pu If NoPerform simulation process OCP bus to get anywhere into optimal location for placement of the capacitor which is then replaced by the value of the capacitor SVC. Once the process OCP is complete, plug SVC finished. Return to Step 4 If Yes go to step 8 Results and Analysis of the results Done. Flowchart Figure 4. Flowchart solving A. Modeling transmission system 70kV 150kV APJ Pasuruan using software ETAP Power Station Before running simulation modeling is required in advance PLN APJ Pasuruan sisitem transmission using software ETAP Power Station from pictures in the can when the survey. Modeling Single line diagramis done using software ETAP Power Station and to enter all of the data supports five image simulasi. Transmission system70kV -150kV APJ Pasuruan is still in the shade APP Probolinggo with 12 bus and were able to generate 632.4 MW power P and Q 391,92 MVar of PLTGU. Total peak load on the transmission system APJ Pasuruan P 327.75 129.8 MW Q MVar. Source: PT PLN TJBTB APP Probolinggo Figure 5. Single line diagram APP system probolinggo B. Generating Data transmission line system 70kV 150k APJ Pasuruan Table 1. Data Capable of Generating Power transmission system 70kV 150kV APJ Pasuruan cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0> Source: PT PLN TJBTB APP Probolinggo C. Load data transmission systems 70kV 150kV APJ Pasuruan Table 2. Data transmission system peak load of 70kV 150kVAPJ Pasuruan Line Transmission Transformer P (MW) Q (MVAr) GRATI Trafo1- 60 MVA 12.6 3:22 BUMICOKRO Trafo1- 50 MVA 39.15 11.82 Trafo2-60MVA 46.8 16:12 GONDANGWETAN Trafo1-60MVA 31.42 8:56 Trafo2-30MVA 22:24 5.82 Trafo3-60MVA 23:06 8:18 BANGIL1 Trafo1-60MVA 27.26 6.94 Trafo1-20MVA 16.74 6:04 REJOSO Trafo1-20MVA 2.86 3:25 Trafo2-30MVA 2:45 6 Trafo3-35 MVA 8:21 2.1 PIER Trafo1-50MVA 21.89 11:52 PANDAAN Trafo1-30MVA 17:28 4.94 Trafo2-20MVA 10.66 2.65 Trafo3-30MVA 25.8 9.6 SUKOREJO Trafo1-30MVA 17:42 6:06 BULUKANDANG Trafo1-60MVA 24.4 6.93 Trafo2-20MVA 8.66 2:44 PURWOSARI Trafo1 -60MVA 13.85 7.61 Source: PT PLN TJBTB APP Probolinggo (peak load data) D. Line transmission data in system 70kV 150kV APJ Pasuruan Table 3. Line transmissiondata in system 70kV 150kV Pasuruan From To Circuit Distance (KM) Type Conductor GRATI GONDANGWETAN 1 21.069 ACSR ZEBRA GRATI GONDANGWETAN 2 21.069 ACSR ZEBRA GONDANG-WETAN BANGIL 1 16.805 ACSR DOVE GONDANG-WETAN BANGIL 2 16.805 ACSR DOVE BANGIL PANDAAN 1 8,700 ACSR Ostrich BANGIL PANDAAN 2 8,700 ACSR Ostrich BUMICO-KRO BANGIL 1 6200 ACSR ZEBRA BANGIL SUKOREJO 1 16,000 ACSR PIGEON BANGIL MOLDY-DANG 1 24 770 ACSR DOVE BANGIL PIER 1 6200 ACSR ZEBRA BANGIL PIER 2 6200 ACSR ZEBRA GONDANG-WETAN PIER 1 10 866 ACSR ZEBRA GONDANG-WETAN PIER 2 10 866 ACSR ZEBRA PIER PURWOSA-RI 1 22 422 ACSR ZEBRA PIER PURWOSA-RI 2 22 422 ACSR ZEBRA GONDANG-WETAN REJOSO 1 10 487 ACSR DOVE GONDANG-WETAN REJOSO 2 10 487 ACSR DOVE Source: PT PLN TJBTB APP Probolinggo E. Modelling single line transmission system diagram 70kV 150kV APJ Pasuruan Creating modeling a single line diagram70KV transmission systems 150kV APJ Pasuruan on software ETAP Power Station is the first step in the analysis. Where in this modeling will be included all the data technical data which includes capacity, generation, channel, transformer, step-up the transformer and the load. Figure 6 Modelling Single Line Diagram of the transmission system 70kV 150kV APJ Pasuruan F. Simulation Load Flow using Software ETAP Power Station on the conditions of the base case Simulation load flow is intended to determine the initial condition of the system, determine the value of the voltage rating on every bus, knowing that the power in each channel and obtain the value of active and reactive power on the bus. Insimulation load flow thisusing methods Newthon Rhapson. Figure 7. After the run with load flow in base case conditions. Table 3. Profile voltage conditions of the base case No. BUS ID V(pu) 1. BANGIL 1 0.9568 2. BANGIL 2 0.9299 3. BULUKANDANG 0.9497 4. BUMICOKRO 0.9517 5. GRATI GITET 0.1000 6. GONDANGWETAN 0.9713 7. GRATI 0.9992 8. PANDAAN 0.9174 9. PIER 0.9610 10. PURWOSARI 0.9586 11. REJOSO SUMMIT 0.9700 12. SUKOREJO 0.9216 Figure 8. Graph voltage profile condition of base case Based on the load flow inconditions basecase aboveand have been known to occur outside the voltage breach margin the permitted of 0.95 pu to 1 05 pu in Bangil2 bus, bus Bulu kandang, Pandaan bus, and the bus Sukorejo, it can be improved voltage profile by using analysis of Optimal Capacitor placement (OCP) for placement and capacity SVC. G. Placement Analysis

Blue spider case study

Fellness Systems Engineering Principles: Blue Spider Case Study Name: Professor: Course Name: Subject: Date Due: Executive summary Parks Corporation is a firm involved in R & D business; the firm does projects on behalf of the Department of Defense. Over the years, Parks Corporation has transformed its focus from the R & D business to being involved in low cost production. The process of retrenching employees in the firm was as a result of the recession and this brought down the number of staff to 2200 down from 6700.The upturn in the spending habit of the Department of Defense in 1975 made the firm hanged its corporate strategy. The new strategy involved Parks improving its R & D staff in the engineering section. Considering the salaries which Parks was providing, there was limitation in terms of getting experienced engineers and hence they decided to employ the young who lacked experience. One of the recruits from college was Gary Anderson.Despite his lack of experience, Gary Ander son was a great production engineer and this resulted to his promotion to a senior scientist who was in Judge of the R & D activities conducted at the Mechanical Engineering department. In 1978, Parks made a decision to bid for the 1st phase of Blue Spider Project together with Lord Industries being the major contractor for the Spartan Program for the Army. This project was meant to ensure improved structural capabilities as well as the age life related to the short range of the tactical missile; the tactical missile was showing failure because of fatigue as it had been used in the field for 6 years.One of the conditions for the choice of the bid for subcontracting was based on the low bid with expertise in technical and also the management performance. Parks Corporation had a feeling that they had a unique advantage over TTS competitors since they had a previous experience in the Lord Industries projects. From the onset of this project, there was a problem which can be identified; this was that Gary Anderson was given the chance to be the head of project management due to his background in R & D; however, he lacks the experience vital in managing projects.It is worth noting that the technical background is not enough to ensure an effective project manager. In specific a number of problems can be identified as the project took off; one of the problems is the informal way of starting the project was en and there was no particular guidelines, the proposal for the project was done in unethical manner, Parks Corporation seem to have issues in its behavior, problems in the operational process as well as problems in the organization's architecture/ relations which was not clearly defined and also followed.Project management often includes 9 specific areas of integration, management scope, time management, the cost management, the quality management, the human resource management, the communications management, the risk management as well as procurement management al l of which lacked in the Blue spider project. Table of Contents Table of figures 1.Introduction 1. 1 Summary of the Case study Blue Spider Case study represents a case where systems engineering principles failed; this case represents one of the failed projects as the head of the project team lacked the experience to manage projects and hence failure to use the systems engineering principles.Among the major events in the case study are Gary Anderson accepting the position of the project manager; the DoD have asked Lord Industries through a contract to improve the operation of Spartan program; on November 3, 1977, Blue Spider project kicks off. The events in Blue Spider case are done in a quick manner in that there are a number of problems which arise right from the begging of the project because of the poor planning of the major events in the project.Amongst the results of the events is the poor communication in the various departments due to the overburden that is caused by Gary And erson; communication breakdown both internal as well as the departments which are associated with the project; the changes in the project are not well talked in advance. Despite the project going ahead, Lord industries accept the work of Parks Corporation reluctantly because of aviations from the requirements of the client due to changes in information and also implementation of the requirements. . 2 Objectives of the Report The aim of this report is to tie the systems engineering principles to the Blue Spider Case study. 1. 3 Organizational structure of Parks Corporation Figure : Parks Organizational Structure (sage & Rouse, 2011 : 80) 1. 4 SOOT Analysis of Blue Spider Project The current situation of the project is that it is influenced by a number of weakness as well as the strengths. Amongst the weakness of the Blue spider Project is thatAnderson was so much concerned with R & D works and also the administrative issues without creating any balance between them; there was a probl em in the financial planning; the project lacked a standby schedule which would have been important in the event that the formal was affected by certain changes; there was poor communication with the Lord since the start of the project which resulted to more costs on communication; additionally, it was not possible for Gary to find Gable the time when he need some form of assistance; however, Gable would intervene in the midst of the project a number of times without the knowledge of Gary that exulted to more issues in the project management; some of the issues included rescheduling of the project or redoing some works during the last times. On the other hand, there is lack of leadership skills demonstrated throughout this project. Both Gary Anderson and also Henry Gable show lack of leadership skills in the various tasks which they are involved in doing the work, poor delegation skills as well as lack of team effectiveness.Despite the weakness of this project, it is important to no te that the project had enough backing from the top executives and directors. It is to often easier to find a project which has enough backing from the management just like Blue Spider Project, the level of attention given to the project was high, and there were enough resources for the project which came from the functional team. Some of the projects in project management have failed simply because of lack of backing and also priority which has resulted to issues. 1. 5 Definition of the requirements The requirements of a customer as well as the constraints of a project constitute the input to a process. The requirements of a process are directly related to the performance metrics of a system that is being designed.The requirements often tell more about the needs of a customer in the system as well as the needs for the given system and they show clearly how the system is likely to work in the given environment. On the other hand, the constraints are some of the conditions which exis t in a system due to the effect of the external interfaces, the support of the project or the life cycle systems. The constraints affect the opportunities of the design team in achieving their objectives. The major focus of the system engineering is changing the requirements into design (Grammar et al 2011:77). The requirements or the Spartan program was that the technical specifications needed all the components to operate in a normal way and successfully in a temperature range of -65 degree F to a temperature of 145 degrees F.At the current time, the design of Parks Corporation was not able to operate over 130 degrees F. Despite this, one of the major constraints in the requirements was that the preliminary design material would not be operated over 130 degrees and this indicates that Gary Anderson and his technical team would not meet the set objectives. The requirements of a customer are very important in any design process; this is because they define the expectations of the cu stomer, the environment, the measures of effectiveness as well as the suitability of the system requirements. According to O'Leary, et al 2012:562), the process of defining the requirements of a system provides the initial step in the development of a system.However, in the Blue Spider case study, this is not given any meaningful importance with Gary Anderson and also Henry Gable conversing on the possible ways of changing the design material so that it would seem that they have followed the requirements of the customer. Henry Gable indicates that their reports would indicate that the design would be operative up to 155 degrees F so that the customer would be pleased something which was never true. This indicates that they both have failed to observe care in design process; this is likely to result to problems as this is likely to surface in the later stages of the life cycle of the Spartan program which will mean spending more time and also money in fixing these issues (Chandler et al 2011:375).From system design, specification requirements and testing, all were not done in the right manner with unethical behavior seen in in much of the design process. Figure 1, indicates the various requirements in a system, clearly the requirements are established within a system in order to ensure accuracy and also completeness. Serener (2013: 208) asserts that, it is always not easy to establish good requirements for a system since it needs effective communication and technical skills; the head of Spartan program Gary Enders on lacks the technical expertise to lead the project the reason why the start of the project faces a number of challenges with the requirements not done in the right manner and this made the implementation of the project to seem mixed up.Lack of ethical requirements are common in the project with Henry Gable stating that they can improvise the materials in order for the Spartan program to read 155 degrees F which is not the case as the customer would not know the improvises which the technical team would have done. 2. SE Management 2. 1 System engineering process According to Chandler et al (2011 :376), to ensure that a system is well engineered, it is important to conduct its development process in an orderly manner. Well-defined systems engineering process makes it possible to develop a system. However, for the gig projects, which involve a team, it is important to have a good systems engineering process (Coleman et al 2013:176). This is seen as guidance by the project participants to know the direction of the project and how they are going to achieve the objectives of a system.There is a common agreement amongst the engineers on the main steps in the software process. In figure 3, this is indicated, the initial steps indicate the process of solving a problem in feasibility study, the fourth step is defined as being post-development phase and this is the stage where the project is deployed to he users, where maintenance is don e and also improved to ensure that it meets the ever changing requirements. The initial steps of the process are often termed as being â€Å"what and how' in the software development while the â€Å"analyses and specify' step evaluates the problem which is to be solved while the â€Å"design and implement† provides information on how the problem is to be solved (SГ ¶Darlene 2011 :155).Figure : Systems engineering process Spartan program development process failed to pass through the right stages with several system engineering requirements not available in the different stages of the velveteen of Spartan program; this is vital so as to effectively achieve the customer requirements. The requirements of the customer were that the technical specification components were to operate in the normal way and in a successful manner through the temperature range of -65 degrees F to 145 degrees F. The analysis of the current system indicates that the design by Park Corporation is not likely to function at a temperature which is above 130 degrees F.Additionally, the requirements of the Spartan program were not well stated early on during the initial stages of the project; this explains the reason why the project is running into robbers at the early stages. One of the problems of the project is cost which should be defined and the budget of all the expenses prepared at the analysis stage when the problem is being defined to avoid any further expenses on the way which were not budgeted for. Gary Anderson should be the one who should be answerable to any of the problems which the projects runs into since he is the project manager; his lack of experience in handling projects is affecting the smooth flow of this project. 2. Development process Young (2013:113) states that development process indicates the procedure for evolving the various parts of a project; this helps the various persons involved in the project to identify the different issues early on in the p roject before the occurrence of bigger problems which would alter the smooth running of the project. The development process is vital in a project as it helps to guide a project which does not have well defined goals and objectives which the customers are unable to define on their own. Morris and Considered (2011:68) argue that development process of a project provides a way of getting feedback instead of planning as their main control mechanism. The feedback is as a result of more and more regular tests and also the releases related to the evolving software.In Blue Spider case study, the development process has failed and there are no consultations with the various departments in the preparation of the project proposal as well as consultation with the customer on their requirements. Although the customer's requirements for the Spartan Program are not followed and intentionally altered so as to suit how both Gary Anderson and Henry Gable want it to be; this is attributed to lack of technical expertise in the development process as well as unethical business behavior. . 3 Life cycle integration Frangipani (2011:390) states that, life cycle integration is the process of bringing together the existing systems as well as the new technologies to form a new system that performs more tasks provide more and improved performance as well as ensuring that they enhance the existing systems.According to Cravings (2011 :465), life cycle integration is seen as a way of using new as well as the expanded performance requirements in the most effective manner and also a timely manner during the design, the procurement, and installation and also in the operational infatuation that has specific modules where each of them may have some form of limitations and constraints. One of the major aims of the Blue Spider project was to ensure improved structural capabilities related to the Spartan missile which is a tactical missile made sue by the army. The missile was showing some form of fatigue in terms of failure after spending over six years in the field. The needs of the customer here were that they needed the new materials, which would last for longer for the Spartan missile.By providing new materials the new program would last for Eng and ensure improved performance and also making the present Spartan missile more effective. This is one of the major purposes of the life cycle integration where improving the present system is of utmost importance to the army (Marques et al 2011:1058). 3. Program Life cycle 3. 1 Generic Business Life cycle According to Fiction & Skimmer (2012:309), the increased importance of transition to a greater and sustainable economy presents one of the most challenging aspects of the society. While the evidence where developing a highly sustainable business model is related to great profits, it is a problem to majority of the conventional manufacturers.Because of this, firms are supposed to search for ways to improve the business models and in the process become more sustainable. Parks Corporation is always committed to developing new strategies so as to keep up with the changes in the market. The firm has performance criteria where the best and employees are promoted; the reason for Gary Andersen's promotion is because the firm is committed to developing a sustainable business model. Park Corp.. Seems to make use of the product-service system in order to relate to particular life cycle stage in the development of a project. The business model in Park Corp.. Involves marketing, he software engineering process, design, production and operation.Through marketing, Park corp.. Has been identified as one of the most successful firms in software engineering the reason why the Department of Defense (DoD) had several contracts with the firm. Stark (2011:10) notes that, software engineering is the next stage in the business life cycle with the firm making sure that the right project manager is in place to guide the developm ent of a project. Gary Anderson was chosen as the project manager who was to oversee the completion of the Spartan program; Gary was to oversee the design of the project, production as well as operation. 3. 2 Simulation of DoD acquisition policy Diagram 4. System engineering product 4. System Requirement review According to Blanchard (2012:66) the system requirements review is done after the end of the functional analysis as well as the preliminary requirements allocation to the hardware configuration items, the computer software configuration items, the facility configuration items as well as the personnel so as to determine the objective and progress related to the system engineering management. The items to be reviewed include the mission and requirement analysis, the human factor analysis, he mission and requirement analysis, the functional factor analysis, the program risk analysis and also specification development (Shall et al 2011: 556). Kiss-off et al (2011:98) state that, the requirements of a system fall in different categories.The customer requirement provide the statements or the facts as well as what the customer expects from the system in relation to achieving its set objectives, its effectiveness and also the suitability. One of the major requirements of the DoD contract was that the Spartan program was to operate normally and successfully on a temperature of -65 degrees F to 145 degrees F. However, the present design of the system indicated that the program would not function above 130 degrees F and this indicates that the objectives of the customer are to have the program operate at a temperature above 130 degree F. Despite the customer requirements stated clearly, the management in their proposal have developed a different system requirements which does not suite what the DoD want.Gary and Henry Gable intentionally meet to discuss the inability of the preliminary design material being operated above 130 degrees F as the customer want but the n because of lack of effective system acquirement analysis and accomplishment of the mission; they think of changing the design material or incorporate new materials and this problem has come as a result of poor system requirement review (Shall et al 2011 : 558). Another important factor in successful completion of a system is the human factor analysis. Stanton & Walker 2013:721) notes that despite the increase in technology, human factors are still vital to the success of a project. Thus effective interaction of human beings in the development of a project not only reduces the risk of project failure but also ensures hat the objectives of the customer have been met.Additionally, the use of human factors ensures improved safety, increased reliability as well as efficiency of the system. Despite the increased importance of human factors in a project, there seem to be a challenge in the Blue Spider project because of lack of human factors. The process of bidding never followed staffin g; one of the reasons provided is because Parks Corporation refused to give out its staff for the project; the engineering managers were not cooperative in giving out their key people towards the Blue Spider program. Human factors are important and should not be underestimated in successful project completion (Shall et al 2011: 558). Additionally, milestone is vital in the project completion (Adamant 2011:216).This state the important dates in a system which the client need to be updated on the progress of the system should be considered so as to ensure that the customer's requirements are well reviewed as the system keeps on being developed. Blue Spider project has successfully completed the first milestone of the project; the second milestone is scheduled to be after 180 days where acceptance of the raw materials and also the production runs ere considered; milestone is prepared in a way to avoid overlapping of activities in a system preparation something which Gary Anderson and h is team have done effectively in terms avoiding an overlap of the lab development and also the full scale production. 5.System engineering core process Schemas et al (2011:76) asserts that the system engineering major processes are developed so as to provide support to the people that are required to implement the systems engineering methodology. The core processes follow the following steps: provide an analysis, decomposition as well as allocation of the system requirements; litigation of the requirements of a system and management are important so as to ensure that the customer requirements have been met. Gary and Henry are making up important follow ups regarding the specifications of the system; despite the fact that Henry is imposing his own strategy in the initial phases of the program; the test matrix does seem to be a failure as the raw materials which the test result indicate do not seem to coincide with the particular specification requirements by the customer.This means t hat analysis of the requirements of the Spartan program is aced by ethical challenges as Henry is stating that the customer would not be aware of the trouble changes which they are about to make regarding the specification requirements for the program. Next is definition of the system behavior where the system's functionality as well as its operations is the major specifications at this stage. The functionality of Spartan program is well stated in the proposal by Gary team as well as the customer specification needs which is meant to improve the structural capabilities and also the age life related to the short range tactical missile.According to Apparel et al (2011 :120), the definition of the system architecture is important in the system engineering process; this includes defining the internal and external interfaces; the subsystems and the components of the system; although the specification of this contract by the customer (Army) was that the Spartan program missile was to be i mproved its structural capabilities; the project team led by Gary failed to define the system architecture of the project in their proposal to the Lord industries; the reason for this can be articulated to the inexperienced project anger who has not handled similar projects in the past and therefore thinks that projects can be done without even specifying their system components and subsystems.Marques et al (2011:1060) notes that, the most important systems engineering functions include operations concept development, architecture and the design development as well as identification of the requirements and management; however, these functions as well as the final products depend on one another. According to O'Leary, et al (2012:562), the system engineering functions, the validation, the prediction on performance, the analysis and trade off are important in optimization and development of a total system. In the system engineering life cycle, there is more refinement of the system req uirements, the design as well as the operations concept in the lower levels to a point where the design has been realized. After that verification and validation of the system requirements is done and also planning for the events and resources.Verification of the system requirements is done by both Henry Gable and Gary Anderson; however, their verification does not provide any importance to the success of this project as the customer requirements re ignored, making them to think of ways of devising the performance of the Spartan program missile to operate at a temperature of 130 degrees F. The events and also resources in Blue Spider project have not been planned well; despite that the project does not meet the planned milestone and this is because of the inexperience of Gary Anderson as he is left to do most of the work by himself to beat the deadline; the case indicates that Gary did not want to overburden the staff with the responsibility of the handouts and because of this he di d this by himself, the reason why the reject does not have enough resources is because of lack of planning for the events and resources and hence putting in place the necessary budget for the same and this has resulted to cost overrun.The system engineering is important so as to handle the challenges which the system engineers face during system development (Meredith & Mantel 2011:155). 6. System engineering process implementation 6. 1 Events where System Engineering was needed According to Apparel (2011 :130), the use of different engineering tools as well as the safety analysis tools is important during the design process. This is important as it ivies the designers an opportunity to identify the dangers in the early stages of the design process and this is the place when they are easily worked on. The use of system engineering would be possible in the analysis of customer requirements; this will translate the requirements if the customer into both functional and also the design p arameters.Both Gary Anderson and Henry Gable are contemplating on how to fix the materials so as to ensure that the Spartan program is operating at a temperature above 130 degrees F; something which the matrix test failed to produce the required raw materials. Additionally, functional requirements of the Spartan program are not identified early on at the start of the system planning, design and also the development phases; the result is failure to meet the system milestone. The important safety system requirements were not included in the Spartan program including the system-level safety analysis. 6. 2 Consequence of lack of system engineering Lack of system engineering in the Blue Spider project has resulted to a number of challenges in the development and completion of the project.Key stages have been omitted and this has affected the achievement of customer requirements; the customer has complained about the materials included in the proposal which seem to contract with their req uirement on how the system should be and how it should operate. It is worth to note that systems engineering is often implemented by coordination in the design engineering, effective architecture development as well as the design which are able to ensure that they meet the needs of the customer. Gary and Henry are unable to satisfy the needs of the customer in the Blue Spider project because they failed to in the use of system engineering principles during the design s well as systems requirement specification.Blue Spider project headed by Gary Anderson has failed in the systems engineering as well as in the operations concept which failed to reflect the objectives of the Spartan program customer (the Army) as well as failing to schedule the project within the set budget. 6. 3 How to Implement Systems Engineering One of the objectives of systems engineering implementation is the full-integrated development as well as making products, which meet the needs of the customer within speci fied cost, schedule and also the risk constraints (Apparel et al 2011 :152). Therefore, this implies that a project needs to give a structured process for effective integration and link the requirements well, the schedule, the decision milestone and also validation and verification.However, this is not the case in Blue Spider project as the project team lacks the needed cooperation to ensure that the implementation objectives are met as well as the systems engineering process. Gary Anderson is forced to do majority of the scheduled tasks in order to avoid expenses, which would mean that the project would not meet the set budget and hence the implementation of the system was a problem. Not all the departments are involved in the various phases of the project; the project team often needs to work on a â€Å"single, integrated set of requirements and also process† which mean that the integration of the system requirements and also the design stages will reduce the cost; a challe nge being faced by Gary Anderson as the project cost is going high.Additionally, effective implementation means that it is vital to lower the unplanned as well as the cost of reengineering that is important in solving the â€Å"omissions and challenges in integration†. 6. 4 Events where Systems Engineering were present Despite the challenges which the Gary Anderson and Henry Gable faced in the Blue Spider project, the use of systems engineering were present in the formation management of the software development project more so in the planning of the project, estimating the cost (budget), formation of the project team, allocation of work for the members of the team, the work schedule plan, reviewing of the progress of the project and also reporting the project's milestone.All these activities used the system engineering concept despite a few challenges. 6. 5 Benefits Davenport (2013:118), states that, systems engineering is important as it ensures that reduces which match the challenges of the global market are produced; it is clear that customers need a higher range of products and the choice which need that firms are supposed to produce products which match the customer needs; thus systems engineering helps firms to ensure that this objective is achieved. Systems engineering provides a way of ensuring that customer objectives are achieved and also the best way of achieving the market leadership by producing the best products in the market with good quality. 6. Comparison It is clear from the case study that concepts of design principles, specification acquirement, and risk management never made use of the system engineering principles, the reason why Gary Anderson and Henry Gable are faced with challenges of meeting the customer needs. 7. Systems Engineering Planning 7. 1 Project management Plan Marques and Laura (2011:1061) states that, project management plan involves organization, the relationship involved in reporting, the decision process as well as the role of the management committee in ensuring the success of the project. It shows the amount of time which the project manager is likely to spend in the project management. Therefore, the project team members should be written down as well as the details of the contact and any changes communicated to the program manager; the project need to state whether there is any need for training.Gary Anderson is involved in majority of the work the reason why most of the plans are behind schedule. The decision by Gary to lower the costs through accepting to work on the bill of materials by himself indicates that there is lack of project management plan for the project; scheduling and making sure that all activities are accomplished thin the stipulated time is important to effectiveness of system engineering. 7. 3 System engineering plan According to Adamant et al (2011 :21 5), System engineering plan is a major activity that has an effect on the acquisition planning decision and as a r esult develops important methods which will be effective in achieving the objectives of acquisition.This is important in the systems management in assuring of the technical activities' identification and their management; ensure that the technical approach in the development team has been communicated, ensure that there is technical implementation and that decisions have been documented and finally help in establishing the benchmark of system development which is vital in meeting the needs of the customer and that of the systems engineering as well. Systems engineering plan has been followed in the Spartan program development; plans are put in place as Gary Anderson is appointed as the project manager with various persons involved in the development team; however, this is not done to satisfactory and this is because of lack of proper system engineering plan, the engineering integration distances themselves on the preparation of the bill of materials because

The Way Food Plays Roles in Our Lives

The role food plays in our social lives There are many roles in which food could play in our social lives. Food can unite people for special events and occasions, such as holidays and get together. Public restaurants can also play a role in our daily lives and I would compare them. To start, food can unite people in special occasions. Thanksgiving is a great holiday in which food is a big part of. In Thanksgiving everyone from each house hold brings a dish to the house where it is being held.Then, once every dish has arrived, it is time to eat together in each other’s company to give thanks and blessings, most of the time for being able to have the food that they have in their table. Another great holiday where food can unite people is Christmas. Food plays a big role in Christmas, besides receiving gifts; it unites the family for one big dinner. For example, in my family we cook a pig all day long and at night when it’s cooked the family gather together for the big mea l of the night.Usually, during our meal we converse about things going on in our lives while eating all the different dishes the women in our family specialize in. Food can help comfort and unite people together in holidays and special events. Then come public restaurants that all pass by on our rides to work or school. One of the public restaurants is McDonalds. McDonalds is a fast food chain that is not good for you one bit but the thing that makes people coming back is the prices and speed the food comes out.The reason McDonalds is not good for you is the way they get there meat and chicken from unhealthy ways. For example, they give the chicken chemicals so they could get bigger than normal, which give then more chicken. Another public restaurant is outback steak house. Outback is a great restaurant and a favorite of many people due to their great quality of food and service. There steaks are a great quality of meat and it is always cooked to perfection. Their service is always great whenever I go.People also enjoy the Australian feel to the restaurant which makes it unique to other restaurants. Another public restaurant is Dunkin Donuts where they can start your day off with whatever you desire. Their coffee is pretty good when it comes to other restaurants. Another great thing about Dunkin Donuts is the bagels and donuts. They have a variety of different flavored bagels and donuts so you will never be disappointed when you go to choose one. Then when it comes to both private and public places there are many similarities and differences.One of the similarities is that you get to spend time eating with your family. Sitting down and eating makes you enjoy time with your family and talk about each other’s lives. For example, when I eat at a public or private place I eat with my family and talk about things in our lives. Another similarity is that you are feeding your body because without food you would not live in this world. It also has many differen ces like you cook your own food at family dinners and not at restaurants.Some people love to put their own seasoning on their meat instead of the restaurants seasoning. Another difference that the food at home is healthier then the fast food place like McDonalds because in reality anything is healthier then fast food chains. There also just a more of a family feel to the dinner when it’s in a private place like at a family holiday party. In conclusion, you have your private occasions where you eat in a family setting ad there is a public setting when it’s more open. They are both different and similar in many ways.