Leadership (Bill Gates) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership (Bill Gates) - Term Paper Example He can singularly be credited with launching the personal computer revolution that has helped billions of people to acquire personal computers and also changed the settings of the business world. Microsoft is today a very big corporation that employs more than 71,000 people in different facilities all over the world. Gates has for a long time functioned as the Chief Software Architect as well as Microsoft’s CEO (Strother, 2010). Transformational leadership helps companies to form different ideas which are then implemented. The corporate resources are injected into research to form more cutting-edge products. Transformational leaders usually have personal characteristics that assist them to inspire these type of changes in organizations (Mullins,  2010). Bill Gates, for instance, is known to be an aggressive, charismatic, and knowledgeable man who is also a visionary and an introvert. His original vision was to ensure that every home would have at least one personal computer. To this day, Bill Gates goes annually to Washington’s Hood Canal to come up with ideas about how to continue with the transformation of Microsoft. Microsoft employees are at this time encouraged to submit proposals of how they think the company can benefit from new services or products (Strother, 2010). If Bill Gates is impressed with any of these ideas, he returns to the Microsoft headquarters at Redman to develop the idea further. Due to practices such as these, Microsoft still maintains a strong vitality that has seen it continuously create innovative products. Microsoft has several research institutions; each of which are unique. It also has a suggestion box that allows employees to give their suggestions as well as recommendations to its managing directors. Bill Gates uses participative as well as delegative leadership styles to engage his employees. He has in the past allowed Microsoft’s research teams to freely create the

Should Gays Be Allowed to Marry Essay Example for Free

Should Gays Be Allowed to Marry Essay Marriage: a legally recognized relationship, established by civil or religious ceremony, between two people who intend to live together as sexual and domestic partners. Typically this is between a man and a woman, in love, as they come before their families, to pledge to spend the rest of their lives together. As times continue to evolve around the world so has the idea and laws concerning marriage. Marriage is no longer just about a man and a woman committing themselves to each other for life, it now encompasses, gay and lesbians as well, as they pledge to love, honor, and trust each other all the days of their lives. This argumentative essay will explore logically both sides of the debate on whether gays and lesbians should be extended the same rights of marriage as heterosexuals have. Marriage and Heterosexuals The purpose of marriage has always been to join a man and a woman in matrimony so they can start and raise a family naturally. Marriage has occurred since the beginning of time in every culture. You meet, fall in love, get married and have babies. This belief of the 1950’s style marriage is how many young people see and view how they are supposed to live their adult lives. Marriage is a sacred act that a man and woman shares in front of their families, pledging their unending love for each other promising to cherish and keep only unto them as long as they both shall live. The Catholic Church teaches that marriage can only exist between a man and a woman. Catholism teaches us that â€Å"Marriage is a union of male and female that expresses the sexually complementarily willed belief of God for their marriage,† and see the natural structure of human sexuality between a man and a woman saying that they complement each other in expressing conjugal love and transmitting human life. This unique complement is what makes the bond of marriage the core of unity. The concept of marriage as a â€Å"sacred institution† is a modern fallacy. Because marriage is constantly evolving and changing the modern concept of marriage is evolving as well. Marriage is becoming more about commitment and less about creating families. In today’s society more and more married couples are chosing not to start families and are using their union as a committed state as a platform to evolve their career. Marriage and Homosexuals The issues of whether or not one should believe that gays should marry, is a hot controversy across the United States today in political and religious forums. 100 years ago as the human race started drastically changing everything about what we thought that we knew, started to evolve into new territories as well. No longer are we the human species of traditional hunter- gatherers we have evolved into a species of high tech industrialist who want to be able to decide everything.. These changes are not the only one’s taking place. We now find ourselves on the turntable of marriage as well. What actually defines a marriage? Does it have to only be about a male and a female? No longer do we have to stay in marriages when we were miserable, or our spouse is being unfaithful. We have separation and divorce. With all these changes we are now starting to look at accepting same sex marriages, or domestic partnerships, in the same piece of mind. So let’s take a look at what makes up these marriages and partnerships and then you can decide if you really can’t support something that you once didn’t really think you could. Domestic Partnerships Domestic Partnership has been around for years. While some think of domestic partnerships as a man and a woman, others think of domestic partnerships as a homosexual couple, (man and man or woman and woman) living together raising families. The idea that people can co habitat a space, without having a piece of paper from the state saying they are â€Å"MARRIED†, has become popular especially amongst the homosexual community. Once something that was thought to be shamed upon is now considered the norm. With marriage come legal obligations and rights that Domestic Partnership does not offer. In marriage if you decide you no longer want be with your spouse you can separate, and or divorce. When this happens, a judge decides how he or she will divide your property, assets, and they set up custody arrangements. In domestic partnerships there are no legal rights that automatically come when you move in together. Because of legal loop hole, many domestic partners are chosing to draw up legal contracts. These legal contracts say who gets what when it comes to assets, property, children, and in some cases names who gets to say what happens to them in emergencies. These legal contracts are saving millions of domestic partners when their domestic partnership falls apart. Same Sex Marriage Same sex marriage, marriage amongst two people from the same biological sex or gender identity. Same sex marriages can be performed in a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting are endorsed and practiced by various religious groups around the world. In the United States same-sex couples living in Massachusetts, California, Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington state can now legally decide if they believe that marriage is what they want to enter into. Before consenting into marriage as a same sex couple one must first think about a few issues about how they want to structure they’re union. Having children, jointly owning property, splitting up property, formalities such as taxes or divorce, government benefits, and immigration are things that any couple should think of when they decide to marry. For gays and lesbians these questions require more thought that they would if you are heterosexual. One topic more than others is children. If one partner in the same sex marriage is the parent does the other partner automatically get custody if that partner dies? Some would think yes but not in all cases. For most if one partner has a child they have no legal rights to the child. They therefore must go to court and legally adopt the child. Should homosexuals be allowed to marry? Yes. I believe that with all the changes that our country has went through over the past one hundred years I believe that giving everyone the same rights should include giving homosexuals the right to get married. I do not see why that if you love someone that you should not be allowed to get married. Ethical Issues and Ethical Problems The ethical issues and ethical problems of gays being allowed to marry are principally related to religion and the media. Legally whether or not homosexuals are allowed to marry or not is more of an issue that ethical. In the United States laws concerning whether or not gays should marry has come under ramification recently as Constitutional laws are changing. As homosexuals continue to fight for the same rights as heterosexuals I believe that constitutional laws will continue to overshadow ethical issues. Conclusion With every scrutanty that homosexuals face why do they want the continue to risk everything to get married? Marriage: a legally recognized relationship, established by civil or religious ceremony, between two people who intend to live together as sexual and domestic partners. In this argumentative essay I explored logically both sides of the debate on whether gays and lesbians, and domestic partners, should be extended the same rights of marriage as heterosexuals have. Marriage by definition does not state that it has to be between a man and a woman. It does state that they must live together sexually and domestically. I believe that in this paper I have shown that same sex couples domestically and sexually qualify for this union. I believe that no matter what someone’s gender is they should be allowed to stand in front of God and their families and announce to the world that they love each other and are committing each other for live.

The first time Jane and Mr Bingley meet, the air is filled with promise :: Free Essay Writer

The first time Jane and Mr Bingley meet, the air is filled with promise and romance. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. There are many women and men in this world that state that they don’t need bind in holy matrimony in order to feel complete or happy about their lives. Obviously, these women and men don’t live in the world of Pride and Prejudice. Even the opening line declares a subtle truth so well that it get you thinking. At first one sees it as an ironic statement trying to open the book’s comedic and love-related atmosphere. However as one digs deeper you see there is more to this line than what meets the eye. This sentence can sum up the goal of many women in this novel who are in search of a single man in possession of a good fortune such as Ms Lucas, as it does sum up the plot in many ways. As it states that men must be in want of a wife, it subtly hints that the women in the novel are most likely looking or are in desperate need of a [wealthy] husband. This line also sets out little hints as to who are these men in search of these women? If one reads on the same page as this line is printed on, one notes that Mr Bingley, who has just recently moved into Netherfield, is one of those men "Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England†¦ . This quote states that Mr Bingley is a man of large fortune which is similar to good fortune, in fact even better. The meeting of each new male central character is attached to a descriptive sentence of his wealth and background. As we read along the novel we see that most of the women in the novel notice this wealth and also notice that these men are in fact looking after wives to wed and share their life with. The first time Jane and Mr Bingley meet, the air is filled with promise and romance. They can be referred back to this opening line of that he is looking for mutual affection in his life. There is a lot of truth behind this quote which sums up the behaviours of most of the male characters in the book; with the slight exception of Darcy who doesn’t seek love though is surprisingly revealed to it.

Assignment – Job Fair Brochure Paper

Management always encourages our employees to work hard, be creative, be responsible, positive, be respectful of other employees and management, and to always be team-players. These traits never go unnoticed or unrewarded, Employees are evaluated every six months and given appropriate bonuses for going above and beyond the Mullen In an annual basis. Additionally, our employees enjoy two weeks of vacation pay, an employee stock purchase program, 401 k with company match, and excellent health and dental insurance.The management team at â€Å"X† always keeps the door open for employees to share new ideas, concerns or problems with them. These meetings always remain private so that employees know they are in good hands. Structure: Our company is divided Into deferent departments or functions in which there is a lead or manager in charge of each function that reports to the Site Manager, owner and the founder of â€Å"X†, Mr.. BBC. First, there are manufacturing operators wh o are In charge of manufacturing each piece before It Is sent to the customer.These operators work together from start to finish, each with specific duties that must be done before their work is passed on to the next person. The QUA supervisor inspects each finished piece to be sure it is correct and then they sign off once it is approved. Then the finished pieces are either delivered directly to the customers' via ground transportation or air depending on their location, or taken to the storage area where it is stored to maintain the stock with safe quantities to fulfill customer's demand.On the sales department, sales personnel are in charge of handling customer's emails or alls and help them to prepare their custom orders. The sales people are in charge of customer satisfaction, sales, prepare custom orders, and passing on custom orders to the designers to prepare the molds for them. The sales manager oversees all of these functions very closely. Managers from all areas meet toge ther daily to report to one another and to be sure work Is being done In the most efficient manner. All managers are expected to keep the site manager Informed of any Issue and they report to him almost daily.Business Model: In order for the company to sustain and generate revenue, â€Å"X† believes in creating high-quality recycled paper products that our customers need and we make every attempt to keep our prices competitive. We offer custom-made products for our customers to ensure they are getting exactly what they want; guaranteed. We strive to keep the price of all supplies the company buys low, by negotiating with the same suppliers we have worked with since day one. Our suppliers are only twenty miles from our warehouse therefore; we do not pay high prices for shipping and handling.We never compromise on product quality, and our customers are aware of it. Our advertising is done by our marketing department but mostly for our international customers. Locally, word of m outh by our satisfied customers is the primary way of marketing, so this saves our company on advertising every year. Employees are competent and well-trained and they work together in creating these products and are trusted to be responsible and efficient at all times. They are encouraged to share new ideas that may increase sales and company profitability and are rewarded accordingly.Our employees have very satisfying and rewarding careers therefore; our employee turn around rate remains very low. How will these choices impact my business? Here at â€Å"X† we believe that a strong, healthy, tight knit crew is the key to the company success. Each function has strong communication among and between them, for that reason; there are few sporadic issues of miscommunication. We believe that our customers are the key to keep us alive as a company and to our success thus, we make every effort to keep them satisfied.

Common Law Assignment

Jessie statement made to Ian that he is happy to ‘let go' of his car with the wording he has used has the potential to aka the situation somewhat ambiguous, Jessie true intentions are unclear. The statement is not definite and lacks sufficient finality for the statement to be classed as an offer. Although his wording is uncertain the courts will also look at what context the statement was made and because Ian did state he wanted to ‘buy a car for his daughter then the statement can be argued both ways.Jessie then invited Ian to his home to look at the car although there is still no conversation about the sale of the car. This offer doesn't have terms that are clear and final and therefore the requirement off valid offer has not been satisfied. It's important in deciding if valid acceptance has occurred to acknowledge that acceptance must be clear, absolute and identical to the terms in this case Ian in not having full knowledge of the terms has accepted without full knowl edge of the offer.He did not communicate acceptance to the offer Jessie. Ian in his actions of the visit to Jessie house to look at the car and his daughter taking full possession of the car cannot be seen as valid acceptance as Ian acted in ignorance of the offer Question 1 B Ian and Jessie at no point stated that they had any intention to enter into any binding agreement to create legal relations.The court will apply two tests the commercial presumption and the social and domestic presumption to determine if the parties had intended to create legal relations The language used by Ian in this case from the first discussion regarding the car, to the discussion regarding the ‘Market Value' seemed somewhat of a social nature rather than a commercial arrangement.Jessie at no point made any indication to Ian regarding a legally binding agreement and he at no point made any suggestion's to Ian that he was selling his car the court could el in favor of the social domestic presumption this was simply an arrangement between friends no intention to create legal relations have been satisfied Question Nan's consideration for the car is too vague and could be seen to be too affected by uncertainty due to there being at no point any talk of a sale or payment.Ian could not have provided good consideration in this case; it's unclear whether he provided consideration at all because an agreement has not been reached by both parties. A mere discussion between friends on the Market value of the car in question could not be seen as valid consideration. Question ID There is no valid contract between Jessie and Ian because all elements of a contract have not been satisfied at this stage.The terms are to ambiguous and unclear to come to a conclusion as to what the terms may have been as Jessie use of wording ‘Let go' of the car and further discussions with Ian are not certain. The courts may apply the six rules to help determine whether a contract exists or the certainty of the terms if there to be a contract. The terms in this case would be seen as Illusory and therefore the court would not enforces or recognize the terms as being a valid interact. 11.Assuming the courts did find in favor of the commercial presumption and other elements were satisfied the discussion regarding the market value of the car could be seen as a term to pay $3500 for the Toyota Corolla while Stephanie Nan's daughter takes first possession of the car. Question 2 Bryan can argue on the basis of lack of capacity as a minor and the contract can be void because it's not a contract for necessaries. Although he would have to prove that it's a luxury not a necessaries and it would be up to the courts to decide given his lifestyle and current circumstances 2. Common Law Assignment The issue is it's unclear whether Jessie is making an offer to sell or an offer simply as a gift as they have been friends for 15 years. In order to determine if a valid offer has been made application of the objective test would be applied . Would a reasonable person in these circumstances believe there to be a valid offer and what is the relative importance of the statement to each party?Jessie statement made to Ian that he is happy to ‘let go' of his car with the wording he has used has the potential to aka the situation somewhat ambiguous, Jessie true intentions are unclear. The statement is not definite and lacks sufficient finality for the statement to be classed as an offer. Although his wording is uncertain the courts will also look at what context the statement was made and because Ian did state he wanted to ‘buy a car for his daughter then the statement can be argued both ways.Jessie then invited Ian to his home to look at the car although there is still no conv ersation about the sale of the car. This offer doesn't have terms that are clear and final and therefore the requirement of a valid offer has not been satisfied. It's important in deciding if valid acceptance has occurred to acknowledge that acceptance must be clear, absolute and identical to the terms in this case Ian in not having full knowledge of the terms has accepted without full knowledge of the offer.He did not communicate acceptance to the offer Jessie. Ian in his actions of the visit to Jessie house to look at the car and his daughter taking full possession of the car cannot be seen as valid acceptance as Ian acted in ignorance of the offer Question 1 B Ian and Jessie at no point stated that they had any intention to enter into any binding agreement to create legal relations.The court will apply two tests the commercial presumption and the social and domestic presumption to determine if the parties had intended to create legal relations The language used by Ian in this cas e from the first discussion regarding the car, to the discussion regarding the ‘Market Value' seemed somewhat of a social nature rather than a commercial arrangement.Jessie at no point made any indication to Ian regarding a legally binding agreement and he at no point made any suggestion's to Ian that he was selling his car the court could ale in favor of the social domestic presumption this was simply an arrangement between friends no intention to create legal relations have been satisfied Question Nan's consideration for the car is too vague and could be seen to be too affected by uncertainty due to there being at no point any talk of a sale or payment.Ian could not have provided good consideration in this case; it's unclear whether he provided consideration at all because an agreement has not been reached by both parties. A mere discussion between friends on the Market value of the car in question could not be seen as valid consideration. Question ID There is no valid contr act between Jessie and Ian because all elements of a contract have not been satisfied at this stage.The terms are to ambiguous and unclear to come to a conclusion as to what the terms may have been as Jessie use of wording ‘Let go' of the car and further discussions with Ian are not certain. The courts may apply the six rules to help determine whether a contract exists or the certainty of the terms if there to be a contract. The terms in this case would be seen as Illusory and therefore the court would not enforces or recognize the terms as being a valid interact. 11.Assuming the courts did find in favor of the commercial presumption and other elements were satisfied the discussion regarding the market value of the car could be seen as a term to pay $3500 for the Toyota Corolla while Stephanie Nan's daughter takes first possession of the car. Question 2 Bryan can argue on the basis of lack of capacity as a minor and the contract can be void because it's not a contract for nece ssaries. Although he would have to prove that it's a luxury not a necessaries and it would be up to the courts to decide given his lifestyle and current circumstances 2.

buy custom Combating Compassion Fatigue essay

buy custom Combating Compassion Fatigue essay A lot of care, given to patients, can be hurting to caregivers. When caregivers turn their focus on other people without practicing self-care, disparaging behaviors can result. Loneliness, apathy, substance abuse and bottled up emotions are among the many symptoms, linked with the secondary shocking stress disorder, now referred to as compassion fatigue. It is obvious that compassion fatigue causes suffering and pain. All the same, learning to identify and deal with the symptoms of compassion fatigue is the first move towards healing (Chen et al., 2009). Caregivers need to be aware of real, sustainable self-care and help organizations in their objective of offering compassionate and healthy care to the people being served. There are quite a number of warning signs for the concepts of compassion fatigue. Undoubtedly, there comes a time, when there are thoughts coming repeatedly into the head and becoming difficult to put them out (Bush, 2009). There is a feeling of irritation and boredom. These are some of the behavioral signs. Nevertheless, there is possibly the absence of a feeling about the satisfaction of the work a person does. There is a feeling that such satisfaction is not there and that it is not in balance. There appears to be no correlation between the energy put out and the benefits, coming as a result. The following can be regarded as the major concepts of compassion fatigue: Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS), burnout, emotional contagion, vicarious traumatization and traumatic counter-transference. Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) is the most parallel concept to compassion fatigue and can be used to define it. STS is basically a set of emotional and psychological factors through a specific occurrence or a series of occurrences, affecting the caregivers indirectly. While STS is assisting an individual in harms way, primary traumatic stress takes place, when a person is in harms way. STS is nearly similar to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), even though PTSD usually takes place, when an individual is directly traumatized. For caregivers coming back from a warfare surrounding, the threat of individual harm and exposure to injury for others shows connection to PTSD. Burnout, on the other hand, is also another concept of compassion fatigue. Burnout can be defined as the state of emotional, mental and physical exhaustion that is a result of lasting involvement in situations that are very much demanding on emotional matters. All the same, burnout of the healthcare professionals is basically a consequence of low morale, high turnover of job, job stress and absenteeism (Gupta Woodman, 2010). There are also other three concepts, linked to compassion fatige: emotional contagion, vicarious traumatization and traumatic counter-transference. Usually, these concepts, as mentioned here, involve the psychotherapy of the victims and the therapists as well. Emotional contagion is a very successful process, through which a person, making observation over another individual, encounters emotional reactions that are parallel to the anticipated or actual emotions of the person. Vicarious traumatization and traumatic counter-transference can be defined as the transformation of the inner experience of the therapist, emerging from empathetic involvement with the trauma material of the client (Program to combat 'compassion fatigue', 2010). Most of these different concepts have been used interchangeably in literature. The common connection of these concepts is in the sense that, working with victims or trauma patients impressively affects the emotional welfare of the healthcare practitioners, nurses and therapists. The slight differences are realized in the manner, through which the impacts of working with a traumatized person end up in either direct or indirect distress emotionally on the part of the caregiver. Generally, compassion fatigue is taken as a more natural outcome of emotional fallout from caregivers, offering close care to the patient (Bush, 2009). Compassion fatigue is acute and almost sudden. One important thing to know is the fact that burnout is a steady wearing down of the healthcare practitioners, coupled with lack of job satisfaction. Even though the burnout concept is different from compassion fatigue, it could be a risk factor and, in a real sense, the precursor to compassion fatigue (Espeland, 2006). Two responses can be expected from a group of caregivers, concerning whether they love their job or not. Suppose the answer turns out to be a NO, then, it is most likely that the care giver is anguishing with burnout. On the contrary, if the answer is YES, then, the caregiver is more prone to be undergoing compassion fatigue. There are quite a number of warning signs for healthcare practitioners, concerning self-auditing that they can work out to monitor compassion fatigue (Bush, 2009). One of the symptoms is an instance, where an individual keeps hearing and seeing the things that have been told to them. They always focus on a specific problem of the patient. Therefore, the warning signs would be that the caregivers are laying a lot of focus on this and that they are not doing what they are supposed to do in other areas and they do not feel any satisfaction out of it. In the event that caregivers do not experience any satisfaction in what they do, it would be important for them to use a checklist to monitor their work, rather than merely having these thoughts (Chenn et al., 2009). The caregiver is supposed to attend to his or her physical, emotional, social and spiritual needs. This is aimed at ensuring high quality services to the people, looking up to them for healthcare support as a human being. The physical needs of the caregiver include a good diet, fighting fatigue, exercise and time to relax. Most times, the caregiver may forget to eat but should always try to find good time and eat. The caregiver also needs a lot of exercise. This helps in lowering blood pressure and easing any anxiety and depression. It also decreases mental and physical tension. Exercise helps to ease the mind, take a break from dealing with the patient and at the same time stay in shape to promote good health. Exercises are needed to deal with overwhelming situations. Relaxation is also needed in reducing emotional and physical stress that comes along with caregiving. The caregiver, therefore, needs calmness, rest and ability to deal with life stresses (Program to combat 'compassion fatigue', 2010). With a lot of attention, focused on the patient, the caregiver may emotionally feel less important and invisible (Ekedahl and Wengstrm, 2008). This comes along with such needs like anxiety, guilt, sadness, grief and frustration that need to be addressed. While the caregiver administers his or her role, spiritual needs such as wanting to know why God has allowed such an ailment, making the best effort out of the situation and keeping the faith are also evident. The care giver also needs social support, maintaining his or her life and enjoying what he or she is doing. Based on the needs above, there are coping strategies and resources that can really be useful to the caregiver. For physical needs, caffeine should be avoided but a lot of water be taken instead. At least three balanced meals should be taken as well. A doctors advice on exercise will also be good, while the care giver can choose the best exercise to do. Listening to caregivers music choice can also help. Reading books, getting a massage and taking some day to relax would be useful to the caregiver. The caregiver can be open-minded and share out the challenges, while showing an appreciation of family support and from other close associates (Espeland, 2006). Getting at least six hours of sleep during the night is useful in fighting fatigue to maintain good physical and emotional wellbeing (Chen et al., 2009). It would also be important on matters of spirituality for the caregiver to keep praying and meditating together with practicing spiritual rituals. Attending religious services and talking to a spiritual figure can really help the caregiver in dealing with compassion fatigue. Buy custom Combating Compassion Fatigue essay

Definition of Monopsony

Definition of Monopsony Monopsony is a market structure in which there is only one buyer of a good or service. If there is only one customer for a certain good, that customer has monopsony power in the market for that good. Monopsony is analogous to monopoly, but monopsony has market power on the demand side rather than on the supply side. A common theoretical implication is that the price of the good is pushed down near the cost of production. The price is not predicted to go to zero because if it went below where the suppliers are willing to produce, they wont produce. Market power is a continuum from perfectly competitive to monopsony and there is an extensive practice/industry/science of measuring the degree of market power. As an example, for workers in an isolated company town, created by and dominated by one employer, that employer is a monopsonist for some kinds of employment. For some kinds of U.S. medical care, the government program Medicare is a monopsony.

Definition and Examples of Pro-Verbs in English

Definition and Examples of Pro-Verbs in English In English grammar, a proverb is a type of substitution in which a verb or verb phrase (such as do or do so) takes the place of another verb, usually to avoid repetition. Modeled on the term pronoun, pro-verb was coined by Danish linguist Otto Jespersen (The Philosophy of Grammar, 1924), who also considered the functions of pro-adjectives, pro-adverbs, and pro-infinitives. The grammatical term pro-verb shouldnt be confused with the literary and rhetorical term proverb, a concise statement of a general truth. Examples and Observations In its . . . auxiliary use, the relation of do to verbs is similar to that of pronouns to nouns: You could call do in this function a proverb. (34a) We want that trophy more than they do.(34b) Ill taste your raw-beet casserole if Fred does. In the first example, do stands for want that trophy, and in the second, does substitutes for tastes your raw-beet casserole. - (Thomas P. Klammer, Muriel R. Schulz, and Angela Della Volpe, Analyzing English Grammar, 5th ed. Pearson Education, 2007) Animals suffer as much as we do. -(Albert Schweitzer) A child needs respect as do we adults. -(Zeus Yiamouyiannis, Subverting the Capitalist Model for Education. Educating Tomorrows Valuable Citizen, ed. by Joan N. Burstyn. SUNY Press, 1996) Yes, sure, I like it. I really do. -(Robert Stone, Damascus Gate. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998) Havent you heard? She thinks Im talented, I said dryly. I thought you did, too. - (V.C Andrews, Dawn. Pocket Books, 1990) Why, I must confess that I love him better than I do Bingley. -(Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, 1813) I love him better than I do you and all I hope is that you will find someone that will suit you as well as he does me. -(Ruth Karr McKee, Mary Richardson Walker: Her Book, 1945) No one knows better than I do, or can appreciate more keenly than I can, the value of the services you have rendered me and the satisfactory results of your friendly interest in me. -(John Roy Lynch, Reminiscences of an Active Life: The Autobiography of John Roy Lynch, ed. by John Hope Franklin. University of Chicago Press, 1970) [I]ts extremely difficult to narrate something like, say, a murder or rape in first-person present tense (though quite a few of my students have tried). Doing so often leads to unintentionally comic sentences. -(David Jauss, On Writing Fiction: Rethinking Conventional Wisdom About the Craft . Writers Digest Books, 2011) Pro-verb Do as a Responsive The use of the proverb do as a responsive is so productive that it occurs even when do does not appear in the preceding allocution as in (19): (19) A: Well, you remember, say, the troubles round here you know {}(19) B: Yeah, I do.(Ulster 28) In example (19) the pro-verb do rather than the lexical verb remember is employed. Based on this evidence, it is therefore inaccurate to say that what is being echoed or repeated in the responsive is the verb of the preceding allocation. Clearly, it is the pure nexus or the pro-verb do (the nexus marker) rather than the predicate remember that is being repeated. -(Gili Diamant, The Responsive System of Irish English. New Perspectives on Irish English, ed. by Bettina Migge and Mire NÃ ­ Chiosin. John Benjamins, 2012) Pro-verbs vs. Pronouns I asked him to leave and he did. Did is a proverb, used as a substitute for a verb just as a pronoun is a substitute for a noun. This is intuitively very comfortable, until we take a careful look. Even though the pronoun is conceptually unmotivated it is at least morphologically motivated as a separate part of speech. But the proverb is in no way a distinct part of speech; it is just as much a verb as the verb it replaces. Now, of course, no one has said that the proverb is a distinct part of speech, yet certainly the intuitive satisfaction we get from it is directly dependent on the parallel with the pronoun, and if it werent for the pronoun the new term would never have found currency. So instead of having a coherent theory in traditional grammar, one whose parts are integrated according to well-motivated, carefully controlled principles, we have something that is built up by free association. -(William Diver, Joseph Davis, and Wallis Reid, Traditional Grammar and Its Legacy in Twentieth-Century Linguistics. Langu age: Communication and Human Behavior: The Linguistic Essays of William Diver, ed. by Alan Huffman and Joseph Davis. Brill, 2012) Style Note on Generic Do Sometimes, when writers are unable to think of the precise verb to complete a sentence, they simply plug in do; for example, They did the rumba rather than They danced the rumba. When it does not refer back to a previously used verb, do is not a pro-form. It is a generic verb, from the top of the ladder of generalization, and people often resort to using it simply because they are unable to come up with a more accurate verb, and do will suffice in most cases. Take, for example, the now popular saying, Lets do lunch. But because of its lack of specificity, do often results in lifeless sentences, and therefore writers should avoid using it (except as a pro-form of auxiliary). Used as a generic verb, do does not create textual cohesion. -(Colleen Elaine Donnelly, Linguistics for Writers. SUNY Press, 1994) Do and Happen The only members of the class of pro-verb are do and happen. These stand for any unidentified or unspecified process, do for actions and happen for events (or for actions encoded receptively, in some kind of passive form). Their occurrence does not necessarily involve an anaphoric or cataphoric reference. -(M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan, Cohesion in English. Longman, 1976)

May riots in indonesia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

May riots in indonesia - Research Paper Example It is worth noting that these named locations were strongholds of the Chinese community, who had developed fairly than other locals in business economically, and even established their homes around. Many believe that there was misleading information on the influencers of the riots, some accusing the government, military and elite groups’ involvement in the mass destruction to secure their interests. Other violent movements had been conducted as early as in 1965 among others minor cases worth mentioning, to the 1998 May riots, which was the peak of destruction that undermined the country’s reputation; however, all these incidences demonstrated the specific history of anti-Chinese sentiment and oppression in Indonesia. Thesis statement: The riots began as student peaceful movement protesting against the death of their fellow reformist, but later became politically motivated to force resignation of President Suharto. The violence of the riots intensified when the non-stude nts, young and poor people in the urban areas took advantage of the country’s situation to cause lootings, steer destruction and human violation against the rivaled Chinese community. The local Indonesian rioters rage highly impacted on Chinese ethnicity, their women being sexually assaulted and causing many of the locals and foreigners to leave or migrate. The political and economical instability led to the eruption of the riots, whose effects were later characterized as anti-Chinese action. Cause of the Riot In the month of May, the students had been protesting against the death of their fellow reformist and students, who generally hoped to have change considering the economical situation and the political climate that was unsuitable to steer the nation ahead. The Suharto regime was characterized by a lot of corruption and had been in power for thirty two years (Abrash pbs.org). In his position, the public interest was disregarded as he sought to show favourism towards his family and elite groups who were few, but very rich in the development over time. Apart from the potential Chinese businesses, his favorites had established growing businesses, which were believed to have steered the public anger over Suharto rule. Coincidentally, the gasoline price hike as a reform measure that was being implemented by the government, gave an opportunity for severe riots in major contested towns. The incident became serious when 6 of university students were shot dead in a Jakarta on 13 May, in a confrontation with the Indonesian security forces (â€Å"Refugee review† 3). On the same day, the riots spread across Medan, Solo, and Jakarta among other areas as the non-students or young urban men took control of the riots, while the students mourned the fall of their fellow students. As a result of the differences in the economy and power, the Chinese were the major scapegoat beside the minority elites and royal family. The demonstrating students from different universities later marched forth to the parliament building demanding the stepping down of President Suharto, which was later a success. Effects of 1998 Riots Chinese women rape: Following the Chinese community being the targeted group in the country, their women and female children risked being violated sexually in the times of the riots. The families therefore had an obligation to secure their women, even if it meant moving out of the country for their safety.

Market Analysis for Children's Parties Services in the UK Essay

Market Analysis for Children's Parties Services in the UK - Essay Example Daisy enter aments is music based association of services which integrates organizing, recording and creation, publishing music and record label. A family business works with creating children parties making it stress free for her parents. At these parties, everything that the client feel is necessary is provided. These include party suppliers, cakes, children’s costumes, and entertainers. Daisy entertainments market is wide and deals with all kinds of organization ad communities dealing with children. Whether it is a large corporate or community with special needs, daisy entertainment crew is capable of adapting its services to suit the clients needs of he children. The team, which forms Daisy Entertainers, is energetic, in-house talented fun loving, loves children hence reliable and enthusiastic. Daisys entertainment has a unique and simple party planning known as party in a box. Party in a box includes everything the client requires for their child’s party as suggest ed by Daisy entertainments (2005). These include filed party bags, napkins, invitations, table covers foil, cups, plates, banners, party hats and latex balloons. However, all these facilities depend on customer’s choice and are delivered to the door anywhere in the UK. There are also various children themes from which entertainment programs are chosen. They include Disney princess, Hannah Montana, Spiderman, and the night Garden. Daisy’s entertainers provide wide scope of entertainment activities such as puppets, face painting, balloon modeling, magic, plate spinning among other. This organization can over variety of things ranging from fun and lively children entertainers to catering services, birthday cakes, decorations, themed goody bags and set up services. The party is usually planned within the client’s requirements and budget. Daisy entertainment market size is large with wide range of facilities: Children character entertainer; all types of children char acter entertainers are available at daisys entertainment and it is upon the client to make choice. They include games, magic, music, and puppets. The charges for character entertainers are ?195 fro every two hours of fun. Venue setup, decorations, and design: daisys entertainments will set up the venue and design it for only ?200 with decorations included. Catering services: their caterers can deliver fresh party food or the children and present it on party platters. All these are provided for ? 10 per child. They an also provide menu for adults guests at only ?7 per person according to Harbpor, Benton (n.d). Cup cake and other cakes: fabulous cakes for ? 115 only, are provided together with cup cakes, which match your party for only ?2. Bespoke extras: daisy entertainments provide guidance for unique but stressful children party planning and this can be done by conducing them through their contacts. Themed decorations, pinata, tableware, and party bags: all these are available at d aisy entertainments at an affordable amount. Daisy entertainments website provides everything that their customers need in order to make the children parties extremely special. At their website, the customers can also find extras, which make their children’s party more memorable such as, consumes and accessories according to ages.Due to the increasing demand for entertainment in children parties, there has been raising number of entertainment organizations. As a result, daisy entertainme

Florida National University Research Project - Strategic Management Paper

Florida National University Project - Strategic Management - Research Paper Example It has other of its campuses located in different regions, mostly the second floors of shopping centers, to take into consideration the ease of accessibility of the facilities by the physically challenged (Alonso, 2013). The Florida National University has a mission of contributing to the education of a diverse population, which is made up of a large percentage of Hispanic culture. In doing this, the University seeks to ensure that students are well prepared for gainful employment, through assisting them advance in the careers of their interest, while at the same time ensuring that the requisite skills and knowledge is imparted on the students, to enhance their competitiveness in the world of employment. To achieve this, the University has worked to control the size of the classes, while also providing the necessary facilities that will not only facilitate the attainment of quality education by the students, but also foster advancement in modern technology (Alonso, 2013). In line wit h serving the interest of the society, the Florida National University also offers cultural programs that develop the societal-cultural values of the community. SWOT analysis for Florida National University Strengths Despite having started two decades ago, Florida National University was declared a fully fledged University only early last year. This notwithstanding, there are several strengths that are associated with Florida National University. First, the University has equipped itself with the state of the art facilities, which enables students to undertake their learning in a favorable environment (Alonso, 2013). This does not only serve to support the students in their career development, but also serves to enhance their competitiveness in the world of employment, since they are taught under a modernized technology environment. The University has several vital educational facilities, which include a language lab, a media center, dental lab, an X-ray lab, a computer lab and a me dical lab (Alonso, 2013). These facilities are aimed at facilitating the smooth and effective learning of the students, while also ensuring that they are well equipped with sufficient knowledge and skills that make them competent professionals in the fields of their careers. Another of the strengths of Florida National University is the fact that it specializes in small class teaching (Alonso, 2013). This is vital since it ensures that the students are well attended to by their lecturers, since the lecturer is not overburdened and overwhelmed by the class population. This is a major milestone towards ensuring that the University produces competent graduates, since they have had sufficient assistance from the lecturers during their tenure at the university, and thus are well imparted with the requisite career knowledge and skills. Additionally, the Florida National University has a strength in the fact that it seeks to enrich the society which it serves, through developing cultural p rograms that are aimed at fostering the cultural values of that society (Alonso, 2013). This becomes one of the strengths of the University, since such an initiative reinforces the relationship existing between the institution and the surrounding

Reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Reading - Essay Example In past people used to willing spend much time on reading, reminiscing and thinking about what is written in these materials. Furthermore, the content provided by present writers lacks investment of much effort and thought. Previously, writers used to spend great amount of time on writing and paying close attention to what they write. This is quite evident as old writings used to have in-depth details. Today’s writers focus on the quantity of writing instead of focusing on the quality of it. I agree with Macdonald’s opinion that the printed material in present days is not worth reading and putting in extra effort to understand what is written in a patient and involved manner. We can simply skim these materials quickly to know what is being talked about in these writings and that is all we need to know. When I was in secondary level of schooling in China, I was accustomed to reading the daily newspaper as soon as I used to wake up. This custom was handed to be by my own grandparents. My grandparents used to read the newspaper in quite an attentive manner. They used to do so even when they had obtained ample amount of information from televised news. They used to claim that reading the news is much satisfactory than simply watching it over television. They instructed me to decrease the rhythm of reading newspaper because they believed that newspaper have a lot of information and knowledge to offer. However, now I have being betraying their custom of reading newspapers. I feel that I am betraying them because I believe that reading newspapers and articles again and again is of no use and I even find this practice quite boring. Every day newspapers and their different sections contain information that is simply flashy and these newspapers lack significant information. The information in the newspaper is overwhelming to me because I do not have enough time to read them. I feel that reading newspapers is a waste of time. Due to

Operation management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operation management - Case Study Example The crashes caused sales to dropped by 60% and this translates to a drop in revenue that ranges from $1.2 million to $1.8 to a mere $400,000. The business cannot continue losing revenue at this rate. It even nearly folded had it been to $200,000 loan from a friend. The crashes also cause other intangible problems that sabotage the business. Its crashes undermine the brand of its company as it will lose credibility in the market. It is also losing the goodwill of its customers of which it already had hard time retaining them during the height of its technical problems. The website of InsuranceAgents.com is not just a mere website for the company to have an online presence of informing the public that it exists. Rather, its website is the platform where the company conducts its business. It is like its office, its store, that if it crashes, it is tantamount to an office or store to be closed that no business can be done. And since no business can be done, no revenues can be made. Meanwhile, expenses continue to incur even if there is no revenue coming in. it goes without saying that the company cannot afford the website to crash because every time it crashes, it will have an economic impact to the company’s bottom line. There are also other intangible loses that the company incurs that may not register on its financial statements every time it incurs a downtime. This is the tarnished image and brand of the company. It could also drive customers away to the competitor. The company is back on the black and is no longer struggling. It is again a good time to consider growth. And since the tough times seems to be over, the company no longer has to bother with problem and just maintain how things are done. Hiring an experienced and competent CIO who will ensure that the company’s website will be up and running all the time. He or she can also immediately address any issue in the IT department without causing any damage of downtime to the

Compare and contrast the basic principles of dilution and local Essay

Compare and contrast the basic principles of dilution and local exhaust ventilation. Discuss at least five items for each and the elemtns for each system - Essay Example These contaminants may pass through an air cleaner before emission into the environment. Both of the systems require make up air so as to replace that which is exhausted, failure to which would lead to a decline in the room pressures. Both systems employ fans, which create a pressure difference allowing the flow of air along with its constituents, such as contaminants, into the exhaust system (Nims, 1999). Several differences exist between the two systems. To begin with, the local exhaust ventilation is characterized by the presence of a hood (inlet). The dilution ventilation lacks a hood. The hood is placed next to the source of emission; therefore, enabling the removal of virtually all sorts of contaminants by the local exhaust ventilation. In this respect, the local exhaust ventilation is best suited and perhaps the only choice for extremely flammable and highly toxic air borne contaminants. Only small amounts of air are exhausted by the local exhaust ventilation compared to the dilution ventilation. This means that dilution ventilation will require greater amounts of cooled or heated make up air than the local exhaust ventilation (Nims, 1999). The basic local exhaust of ventilation is comprised of the hood, ducts, cleaner, fan and exhaust stacks (Nims, 1999). The hood is placed near the source of emission of the contaminants. The ducts carry the contaminant in the local exhaust system. They should have minimal resistance for efficiency. Smooth and round ducts are ideal, and the flow rates in them should not be excessive as this will creates abrasion and noise. Air cleaners eliminate the contaminants before exhausting the air. State or federal regulations dictate the type of air cleaner to be employed. Fans are regarded to as the workhorses in the exhaust ventilation system. They provide pressure differences to suction the contaminants throughout the system and into the outdoor environment. The

Operation management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operation management - Case Study Example The crashes caused sales to dropped by 60% and this translates to a drop in revenue that ranges from $1.2 million to $1.8 to a mere $400,000. The business cannot continue losing revenue at this rate. It even nearly folded had it been to $200,000 loan from a friend. The crashes also cause other intangible problems that sabotage the business. Its crashes undermine the brand of its company as it will lose credibility in the market. It is also losing the goodwill of its customers of which it already had hard time retaining them during the height of its technical problems. The website of InsuranceAgents.com is not just a mere website for the company to have an online presence of informing the public that it exists. Rather, its website is the platform where the company conducts its business. It is like its office, its store, that if it crashes, it is tantamount to an office or store to be closed that no business can be done. And since no business can be done, no revenues can be made. Meanwhile, expenses continue to incur even if there is no revenue coming in. it goes without saying that the company cannot afford the website to crash because every time it crashes, it will have an economic impact to the company’s bottom line. There are also other intangible loses that the company incurs that may not register on its financial statements every time it incurs a downtime. This is the tarnished image and brand of the company. It could also drive customers away to the competitor. The company is back on the black and is no longer struggling. It is again a good time to consider growth. And since the tough times seems to be over, the company no longer has to bother with problem and just maintain how things are done. Hiring an experienced and competent CIO who will ensure that the company’s website will be up and running all the time. He or she can also immediately address any issue in the IT department without causing any damage of downtime to the

Annotating Photos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Annotating Photos - Essay Example The second photograph shows a refining zone with cloud emissions. The area is de-forested and there is no sign of life in the neighborhood. This photo clearly depicts the effects of consumption on the environment and the people since there are no residential houses in the neighborhood. The third photograph shows the shore line which has being lowed with a sub-marine at a distance. The sea shore also appears to be deforested and lifeless and it is quite eminent that the harbor is not well developed due to pollution in the neighborhood. The forth photograph was selected because it clearly depicts a well established and developed oil refinery in the given region. In refining non-renewable sources of energy like fossil fuels, the refinery emits smog which pollutes the environment by forming acid rain. The fifth photograph clearly shows smog being produced from the emission of the production of fossil fuels i.e. oil in oil cylinders. The smog leads to the formation of acid rain which leads to increased temperatures since heat collects in air thus making it thick and intense. The six photographs show automobiles collecting raw materials like sand from the sea shore. Two other private cars are also seen in the region. Automobiles consume non-renewable sources of energy i.e. oil which pollutes the environment consequently leading to global warming. The seventh photograph shows deforested land with ... The eighth photograph shows a raised sea level. Two automobiles i.e. a private van and a ferrying lorry are at work. Consumption of fossil fuels by automobiles and other forms of production and processing leads to raised levels of the atmospheric temperatures makes sea waters to evaporate. The ninth photograph shows a deforested coastal area with heaps of collected raw materials i.e. sand from the sea shore. This sand is to be ferried away for consumption which leads to lowered sea levels consequently leading to de-forestation which increases atmospheric temperatures. The tenth photograph depicts a town dwelling/a city with sky scrappers, monuments, artifacts, trains and other forms of public and private transport. These consume fossil fuels especially oil which lead to pollution thus affecting visibility in the region. The eleventh photograph shows a manufacturing factory at the background with the foreground being left deforested and without any form of life or human dwelling. Use of non-renewable sources of energy lead to emission of smoke which affects visibility and leads to formation of acid rain. Finally, the last photograph shows a production factory i.e. steel works. The environment is deforested and there is no form of life or residential dwelling in the region. The production factory emits smoke which leads to increased temperatures thus global warming which affects the environment adversely. Taking photographs in Alba was not such an easy and pleasant task. The photographer had to withstand adverse heat, smog, poor visibility and unwelcoming sceneries. Most of the land was deserted thus the photographer could seek help or ask any guidance. The photographer realized that the land in Alba was in such a dismal state and the temperatures

Strength of the Soviet Economy Essay Example for Free

Strength of the Soviet Economy Essay The Soviet Union played a major role in the allied victory in World War II. They stopped the Nazi advances and eventually pushed them back on the eastern front. The Russian people showed great resolve to triumph in spite of drastic errors in judgment by the Soviet leaders. Some of the poor decisions were made by Joseph Stalin. The first major mistake was that he believed that he could stall the Soviet Unions involvement in the war until 1942. Stalin also made an error in trying to take advantage of the war by launching an attack on Finland. The Second World War was also a test of the Soviet systems organizational power. The collective agenda allowed the Soviets to out produce German forces during the war. One factor highlighted as responsible for the Soviet victory in the Second World War is the strength of their economy after 1942. In August 1939 the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression treaty called the Nazi-Soviet Pact with the Nazis. This pact was signed so that Stalin could keep the Soviet Union out of a war with Germany on the eastern front of Europe. Stalin believed that war with the Nazis was a foregone conclusion. The pact was signed in the hope of pushing this conflict off until 1942. This was not a wise decision. The Nazis had become so confident and powerful with their Blitzkrieg model of warfare that the Soviets would have been more prepared for battle in 1939 rather than 1941. Operation Barbarossa allowed this more formidable Nazi force to smash through the Soviet defences in both the north and south of Russia and the Ukraine. The strength of the Soviet economy and rapid reparation made after the catastrophic losses within 1941-1942 was a major factor. Soviet production was located in the west which meant once quick advancements were made by the Germans in Operation Barbarossa using the ‘Blitzkrieg’ model, this either meant that the Germans had access to Soviet resources or the Soviet military had to destroy from the Germans as to not allow them to gain further usage ‘scorched earth’. This left Stalin with a limited resources and little production methods. The removal and transportation of Soviet factories from the west to the east was a decisive factor leading to the USSR winning the war because it meant that the Russians could produce all material needed without any threat from the Germans as the land distance was so vast. It was described as the Soviet Union being tipped on its side towards Asia. Stalins plan was to help Soviet industry switch to wartime production and improve the military options the Soviet commanders had. A major factor that helped this was the Soviets adaptability and experience of industrialisation having experienced Stalin’s 5 year plan. This meant the Soviet people were a lot more efficient when contributing to the war economy. Stalin spoke in 1931 about the Soviet Union needing to advance fifty to one hundred years in the next ten years to catch up with the rest of the world. When Germany attacked in 1941 ten years had passed. The Soviets had improved the infrastructure of industry. However, major drawbacks were still in place. The major problem involved the distance between the 3,500 new factories and the front line of the battlefield. The factories were spread out across the Soviet Union. The majority of the factories were located in the south but stretched from Stalingrad in the west to Siberia in the east. During the early years of World War II Stalingrad was instructed by the centralized Communist Party in Leningrad. Stalingrad was chosen due to its proximity and access to the Volga River. The protection of production was also harnessed with resources to be able to produce for the war. This was achieved with the lend-lease agreement with the US. This was designed to supply the Soviet Union with resources to help produce machinery and improve communication links as the distance between the Russian cities and businesses became stretched. The supplies were imported using the Black Sea remaining a safe distance from German attack. As a result, the Soviet Union were able to out produce Germany. The Russians become more efficient creating tanks, ensuring they were all the same would mean fixing them would become easier and the time it would take to produce shortened. The USA’s involvement in World War 2 was due to the Japanese bombing of pearl harbour , although Germany were not obliged to go to war with the Japanese as they had not been declared war by the Americans, Hitler decided to give assistance. This only meant a larger power became a German enemy. A major mistake made by the Germans was the underestimation of Soviet force, once the initial advancements were made in Operation Barbarossa. Hitler and the wider population believed that it would only be time before the Soviets would have to succumb to defeat. One German general believed that Soviet military leaders were ‘less of a threat than the tsarist Russian generals’. However this was not the only power that misjudged the strength of USSR as American generals also expressed that the Soviets would only last within a timescale of a single month to 3 months. Another mistake made by Hitler was his persistence and control with the army. Hitler aimed to complete Operation Barbarossa before the winter, as this wasn’t completed he forced them to continue. The harsh soviet conditions made this impossible, The German soldiers were unprepared for the winter weather which lead to thousands of deaths by hyperthermia. Whereas, the Soviet troops having adapted to the harsh conditions were able to continue. An advantage this gave Stalin was the time to organise both military and civilians. The delay of German troops due to the lack of support with clothing and supplies left them stranded in the centre of vast land, unable to continue and low on morale as communication was near impossible. This gave Stalin time to reorganise, one way Stalin organised the military was to ensure that a constant supply of equipment and man power fed through. Though soldiers were trained to maintain efficiency meaning less Soviet soldiers were likely to die in combat. Another way Stalin organised his military was to make sure Vasilevsky and Zhukov regained dominance in airspace. This resulted in German efforts to conduct Blitzkrieg tactic useless. Stalin also abolished the strong influence the communist party had on the army to ensure the military stayed resistant. Stalin also ensured that the civilian population was wel l led to ensure maximum efficiency in the effort of war. Regular propaganda messages ensured that morale was kept at a high level. Films were regularly shown highlighting the evil Nazi party to ensure that the population stay in favour of German invasion. Propaganda was also less based upon the strength of the communist party during war and focused more on national unity and fighting spirit in the war effort. This was to keep the Soviet population loyal to the communist party. Another key method in boosting morale in Russia was the reintroduction of practiced religion. Religion was never banned but suffered severe harassment since 1917, closing churches and killing priests it became dangerous to practice religion. The restoration of Christianity brought the backing of Christians and an improved morale in Soviet Russia. Another group that played a valuable role in the soviet victory was partisan groups. They were men and women who fought within German territory and attacked German soldiers and destroyed German equipment. This was particularly effective as the cutting of communication wires made it difficult to convey messages over vast land and very difficult to repair due to the lack of supplies. Ultimately, I believe that the Soviet economy was crucial for Soviet victory in the Second World War as without a strong economy producing output would have left the Soviets defenceless against the Germans. However I also think that the leadership of the military and civilians in Russia was crucial in becoming more efficient and consequently a stronger power. Smaller factors such as the contribution of the Russian civilians in protecting Leningrad were also detrimental in achieving victory. There are several interpretations highlighted by the western civilisation on why the Soviet Union won the war, there has tended to feature Soviet heroism in standing up to the German invasion, but to regard the other positive factors as unnecessary. There is often a focus on Stalin’s mistakes in leadership especially early in the war. This contrasts with Soviet historians views that highlight the determined resistance of the soviet people and leadership. I also believe this soviet viewpoint that without the patriotism towards Soviet Russia creating the biggest impotence towards the Russian war effort.

Various Metal Detection Techniques Engineering Essay

Various Metal Detection Techniques Engineering Essay Abstract- This paper presents a comparative study of various metal detection techniques that can be used for a walkthrough metal detector. A brief introduction of electromagnetism is followed by introductions to continues wave, Pulse induction, Beat frequency Oscillation, Magnetic field Gradeometry and Microwave imaging techniques. State of the art metal detectors and technology behind them has been reviewed. A comparative analysis of the above said metal detection techniques is performed. The Project Develop a walkthrough system to detect metallic objects with the ability to discriminate between potentially dangerous items. Objectives Maximum detection and discrimination capability Detect and discriminate between a day to day metallic object (key rings, Belt buckles or spare coins) and a potential weapon (Knife, Folk or Gun) Higher through rate Less false alarms rate Introduction Metal detection technology is used in many industries around the world such as medical (detecting metallic foreign bodies in the human body), Military (Demining), Security (Screening people for potentially dangerous weapons), Food (detecting of metallic objects in food products) and professional treasure hunters. There are many technologies used in metal detection. Beat frequency oscillation Continues wave metal detection Pulse induction metal detection Magnetic field Gradeometry Microwave Imaging Most of the above mentioned techniques use some sort of electromagnetic approach in order to operate. Electromagnetism Electromagnetism is the physics of electric fields. A Changing magnetic field would generate an electric field the reverse is also true a moving electric field would generate a magnetic field which is used in metal detection. [1] Magnetic field created around the wire due to the current flow. The metal detectors operation depends on simple principles such as Faradays law, Amperes law, Gausss Law and Biot savarts Law. The basic idea in a metal detector is a magnetic field generated from the excitation coil induces an eddy current on the metallic object which generates a weak magnetic field which will be picked up by the same coil or a pick up coil(s) depending on the detection technique used. [1], [2] Amperes Law The line integral of magnetic flux density over any closed path is proportional to the rate of change of electric field and electric current in the enclosed region. The km factor is the relative permeability, equal to 1 in free space. [3] Faradays Law The line integral of electric field over any closed path is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux in the enclosed region.[3] Gausss Law The integral of magnetic flux density over any closed surface is zero [3] Law of Biot Savart The current element dl on a current filament contributes a magnetic field, dB, in a direction normal to the plane formed by dl and the vector r [3] Metal detection techniques Continues Wave (Very Low Frequency) [17] Very low frequency (Induction balanced) technology is the most used method in metal detection. It is used in all kinds of metal detectors e.g. demining, walkthrough, food industry The very low frequency method consists of an excitation coil and pick up coil some have a third feedback coil. An electric current (sinusoidal wave) is supplied to the excitation coil via an oscillator circuit. The pickup coil is placed in a way that the excitation coils magnetic field will not interfere with it.[1] [4] How does it detect metallic objects? When the excitation coil is supplied with current it creates a magnetic field around it when a metallic object pass by this coil the magnetic field will create an Eddie current on the metallic object which will create its own weak magnetic field. The pickup coil will pick up this magnetic field and generate a current. By analysing the phase shift and amplitude the metallic object is detected. [5] [6] Advantages: Low cost, Discrimination ability, multiple objects could be detected Disadvantages Limited inspection area Modern metal detectors use an advanced version of this technology combining multiple pickup coils and digital signal processing. Pulse Induction [17] Pulse induction method uses a single coil to transmit and pickup signals. It operates by switching high current through the transmitter coil which generates a short magnetic field at the end of the current pulse the magnetic field reverses and vanishes suddenly which results in an electrical spike. This spike last a few micro seconds which allows another current to run through the coil this is the reflected pulse and is very short this repeats over and over. [7] [8] How does it detect metallic objects? When the transmitter coil is supplied with a high current pulse the current causes a magnetic field to surround the transmit coil. The Eddie current caused by the field flows on the metallic object. The coil pick up signals from the metallic object after the transmit pulse ends. The length of the reflected pulse is monitored by a sampling circuit. If the reflected pulse last longer than normal it means a magnetic field is present hence a metallic object is present. [7] [8] Advantages Good penetration ability Disadvantages Less discrimination ability because the pulse decay very fast. This metal detection technology is widely used by treasure hunters due to its ability to penetrate beyond other techniques it is also used extensively on walkthrough detectors despite having less discrimination ability. Beat Frequency Oscillation [17] Beat frequency oscillator is the oldest and the basic type of metal detection technique. This technique employs two coils one coil is the search coil (search oscillator) and the other coil is the reference coil (reference oscillator). When a pulse is supplied to both the coils it will start generating radio waves which will be on the same frequency. The output of the coils will be connected to a mixer and filtered through a low pass filter in a way that as long as the frequencies stay the same there will be no output.[9] How does it detect metallic objects? When the search coil is over a metallic object the metallic object will create a magnetic field on its own because the Eddie current created within the object as a result of the radio waves from the search coil. This magnetic field then causes disturbance on the search coil which will result a frequency shift in the search coil. As soon as a frequency difference is detected between the search coil and reference coil a tone will be produced. [9] Advantages: Low cost, very basic technology used Disadvantages Low penetration ability, zero discrimination ability between objects. Although this is an old technique it is still used extensively by the hobbyist treasure hunters because of ease of use and low cost. Magnetic Field Gradeometry 11: Walk-through frame 12: Control unit 47-53: Aluminium tubing (gradiometers inside) 56-57: Base plate and post 58: Cabinet (US patent 6133829) A magnetic gradiometer is a device that can measure the rate of change of a magnetic field. Two magnetic gradiometers are placed in both sides which monitors the magnetic field of the earth once a metallic object passes through a disturbance will occur in the earths magnetic field this will be picked up by the magnetic gradiometer which indicates a presence of a metallic object. [10] [11] Advantages Wide area inspection, passive magnetic field measurements Disadvantage Inability to detect multiple objects. Magnetic field Gradeometry is a rather interesting new concept which could be used for metal detection. Research in this area seems to be rather limited. None of the current metal detectors use this technology. Microwave Imaging [] A microwave is an electromagnetic wave. A microwave security system can detect any object concealed within a human. It uses microwaves to image an object on a human. Basically microwaves will be emitted towards the human via an antenna and the reflected waves will be captured with the same antenna after emitting multiple beams and processing them through a 3d image processing software a 3d image will be created showing the concealed objects. Advantages:- Can detect any object it doesnt have to be metal Accurate positioning of the object Active holographic body imaging Disadvantages:- Time consuming Costly stand-still inspection Possible danger to health. Although this is one of the best methods to detect objects it is not practical due to the above mentioned disadvantages. State of the art Walk through metal detectors and analysis. Garrett PD 6500i 2. Ceia SMD600 Multi Zone Garrett PD 6500i 33 zone pin point metal detector is a state of the art walk through metal detector. It has the ability to pin point where the potentially dangerous metal object is held omitting the day to day metal objects such as car keys, belt buckles, spare change etc [12] Ceia SMD600 Multi Zone metal detector is a highly accurate ultra sensitive Walkthrough metal detector it posses the same capability as the Garrett PD 6500i. [13] The walkthrough metal detector technologies have evolved considerably over the last 40 years earlier metal detectors used Very low frequency method (sub category of continues wave technique) and pulse induction method (still widely used). The pulse induction method was widely used in the past two decades but lacks the ability to discriminate between objects, which make it unsuitable for modern day requirements (will be discussed later). Most modern walkthrough metal detectors including the ones shown above uses Continues wave multiple sensor technology which will allow the capability of multi zone detection. Digital signal processing in order to get good discrimination ability using a microprocessor. Advantage of multi zone detection over single zone detection. The objective of a practical walkthrough metal detector is Maximum detection and discrimination capability Higher through rate Less false alarms rate False alarms are a problem in modern walkthrough metal detectors false alarms could occur because of external noise in the system or lack of discriminating ability in the system. Most single zone walkthrough metal detectors operate using the pulse induction technique which clearly lacks the ability to discriminate between the objects therefore will result in high number of false alarms which will significantly reduce the through rate. Multi zone metal detectors use continues wave multi sensor technology which will allow pin point detection which will result in high through rate but the false alarms will still be a problem due to the lack of discrimination. [14] [15] [16] Advantage of Digital signal processing over Analogue signal processing. Analogue signal processing Analogue signal processing means processing signals using analogue signal means. Sinusoids, impulse and step signals are commonly processed using analogue signal processing. Digital Signal processing Digital Signal processing is representation of the signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals. To overcome the false alarm rate and to increase the discrimination ability within objects modern walkthrough metal detectors use digital signal processing. The amplified output from the receiver coil is an analogue signal so an analogue to digital converter is used. The converted signal is then sampled and analysed using a computer program which allows good discrimination ability. [14] [15] [16] By combining the continues wave multiple sensor technology with digital signal processing metal detector manufactures have tried to achieve the above mention objectives for a walkthrough metal detectors. Although modern metal detectors have the ability to discriminate between a harmful and non harmful object it lacks the ability to correctly identify an object. System configuration of a modern multi zone metal detector Oscillator Excitation Coil Metal Object Pickup coil Pickup coil Pickup coil Phase detection Amplitude detection Microprocessor Audio Tone Conclusion Technique Advantage Disadvantage Continues Wave (VLF, Induction Balance) Low cost Discrimination ability Multiple objects could be detected Limited inspection area Pulse Induction Good penetration ability Less discrimination ability Beat frequency Oscillation Low cost very basic technology Low penetration ability Zero discrimination ability Magnetic field Gradeometry Wide area inspection Passive magnetic field measurements Low cost Inability to detect multiple objects. Microwave Imaging Can detect any object Accurate positioning Active holographic body imaging Time consuming Costly stand-still inspection Possible danger to health. While analysing the above table it is clear the best method for concealed weapon detection is microwave imaging but due to less practical nature it is clear microwave imaging does not suit the project. Magnetic field Gradeometry is an interesting innovative way of metal detection but due to its inability to detect multiple objects this technique isnt the best option for the project. Beat frequency oscillation is the oldest and the simplest of all the techniques but this technique has zero discrimination ability between object and less accurate due to these reasons this technique cannot be used Pulse induction technique is currently used in most metal detectors it poses good penetration ability but lacks discrimination between objects therefore cannot be used for this project. The final technique is the induction balance technique this technique cannot be used for wide area detection but has the best discrimination ability amongst all the techniques hence suit the project the most. A modified version of this technique is used in modern walkthrough metal detectors.

Just Taxation :: essays research papers

Index: I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introducing the problem  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Income vs. Consumption Tax  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A just tax base?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 V.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Liberutopia  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6 VI.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 VII.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  References  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 Table of Figures: Figure 1: Consumption vs. income tax  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 Figure 2: Floating money and deposit money  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction In the debate of just taxation an argument came up, which insisted that any tax that distorts individual preferences should be considered as unjust. This argument is known as the â€Å"fairness-to- savers-argument†. The intention of this essay is to explain of what the fairness to savers argument consists, how to approach it and foremost why it is wrong. At first I will therefore explain the argument on the basis of it’s most common example. The following chapter will then provide a better insight into to exact circumstances, under which the fairness to savers argument might arise. Here the functionalities of the, in the example presented, tax bases will be addressed. To approach the rejection of the argument correctly, it will be necessary to determine what exactly â€Å"just† means and this will lead us to some assumption, which need to be made to prove the argument wrong. But before that, I will present the approach Murphy and Nagel make in their book â€Å"The myth of ownership† and why they are not able to reject the argument completely. Afterwards I will introduce my approach, which basically will show, that any kind of taxation will distort individual preferences and there from I derive, that the fairness to savers argu-ment must be invalid. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introducing the problem The basic problem of the fairness to savers argument, is the effect of different tax bases on individual preferences. The name of the argument follows from it’s most vivid example, which I want to address at first, for a better understanding of the issue. The example is often illustrated with the comparison between two individuals preference for saving, both taxed once under an income tax and once under a consumption tax. Let’s consider two people, Steve and John, both earn in t0 100$, the rate of return is in every period constantly at 10% and they are in every aspect totally similar, despite their individual time preference, which is for Steve at 3% and for John at 9%. That means exactly, that Steve is willing to save his money as long he gets at least a net return rate of 3% and John is willing to save his money as long he gets at least a net return rate of 9%. In case their time preference is higher than the net return rate, the utility they derive from immediate co nsumption will be greater than the utility they derive from saving, thus they won’t save their money.

Personal Reflection Paper

Personal Reflection Paper Julius Moses HUM/111 10/07/2012 Sylvia Knust Critical thinking is the act of breaking down a given concept or idea in order to examine its individual parts. It is a somewhat exhaustive approach where the person aims to see an issue from all sides in order to develop an informed opinion. The three things that I learned in this course about critical thinking are to use your critical reading, listener, and viewing skills.The element of the critical thinking that I have learned throughout this course is to use my critical thinking skills to make discussion on things in life or when you have a problem that you will have to make a major discussion on and it will take critical reading, critical listening, and critical viewing to determine the outcome of the issue. When I first started this course my critical thinking skills weren’t as keen to the facts of thinking more on what discussion I was about to make or even to the point of even thinking that critical on things.Now going through this course it made me see that being able to thinking critically on the discussion that I am about to make or even if I am looking into a different situation that takes critical thinking to solve the problem. When I think of the my critical thinking and the way I was thinking from week until now that it is the end of the course I think that I had to reevaluate my thinking, because before my critical thinking skills was shortened and I wasn’t take my thinking to a level that I would even thinking that critical about.Through the course of this class I find it to be important to use your critical thinking skills to evaluate how you learn and to determine your discussion on the situation at hand. I think that my rating changed because when I learned throughout the course how to use your critical thinking skills to evaluate problem to determine the discussion that I have to make in different situation.To move from my current stage of critical thinking to a master stage of critical thinking I would have to make a good critical thinking plan that I can improve on and reach my goal to master my critical thinking to take it to that next level. Mastering critical thinking is a task that is not going to be easy but when the stage is reached it would make different situation easier when having to determine how solve the situation.

Cannery Row Essay

Cannery Row Cannery Row, is not just a novel written by John Steinbeck, but it is also a very good example of huge variety of different people and human beings that are presented in most of the societies. This story tells us how people are trying to be happy and take the best out of each situation they are in, even in bad situations. The author gives us the view on the Cannery Row from different prospectives like peepholes so we can better understand the whole idea of the novel.While looking from one peephole we can see that Mack and the boys are nice guys even if they steel things from other people. They are just enjoying their lives, they don’t have work because they don’t want, from one side it is very good because most people want to do what they want but not what they should. John Steinbeck is showing to us that if there is a desire people are able to do it. He shows us the Cannery Raw as a small kind of world with its own rules and values of each person living the ir.Mack and the boys are steeling not because they can not find any jobs, but because they just don’t want. They don’t like when anyone is controlling them, they want to be free and do what they like, enjoy their lives. I think that they are doing the right thing, because we are given our lives for enjoing them but not for spending them on the things that you don’t like. Of course it is not always this way but people must have an aim and go for it. We can see it in the novel, most of the

Marketing Blockbuster

Blockbuster is an entity in operation of varied websites which are aimed at protecting individuals work from external piracy.   Its administration follows a responsive schedule of administrative activities through which it can provide its service to its customers in the most efficient manner.   Service is organized through the online, where personal information is collected for the processing of such protection to piracy of materials from its users.   In all its activities it exercises high marketing orientations for its services to its current user and even non-user. Strengths: By the nature of its activities, its services are offered for the protection of piracy in people’s production and works.   Firstly, this is an adaptative feature with Blockbuster, where it can even capture many users in respect to the current problem in piracy of copyrighted work and other materials.   Piracy has been voiced as a global problem, which has called for many sanctions, laws and regulations for the protection of individuals work.   There have been many attempts by many governments in order to control the state of piracy among productions.   To Blockbuster, they attempt to formulate a strategy that works to protect piracy in productions have had it get many customers who try to seek refuge in their work against piracy. Either, it has a diversified plane of the customers that it serves in which case, Blockbuster serves varied discipline of materials against piracy.   Through this, it can thus reach many varied character traits and customers work productions Block duster has wide spread website advertisements that captures many customers. Such a method helps to reach many customers. Weaknesses The organizational structure of service to customers consists of a system of broad requirements where it has to collect wide range personal information from its customers.   Such system has been composed of too informal and bureaucratic requirements that only work to outweigh the strengths born to its customers.   Either, the exercise of joining the organization by the customers has also been too expensive in terms costs. This problem has even led to failure by most interested parties to join the system for their services.   The system also addresses on specific requirements for the customers to join it, where some specific requirements to the work under protection is required.   This has worked to outweigh most of the customers to joining the system. Opportunities Due to its varied nature of its operations, Blockbuster has the potential of expanding and even reaching many people.   Its operation is based on voluntary basis where any interested individual can join the organization.   It’s highly non discriminative in terms of geographical, ethnic or even racial grounds.   With this modality, it invites all interested people who can join their service provision. Either, its operations are done online which reduces the effect of distance barrier for people in receiving their services. It can therefore attract many people through more online administration.   Due to the expanding nature of protection to materials in the globe, Blockbuster have a broad arena of expanded horizons in giving services to its customers who are highly in an attempted to seek protection of their work against piracy. (McConnell, 2004) Threats Its high administrative requirements for personal material which is too inefficient to the people may bring a high competition issues by its competitors which may finally lead to them being outweighed.   Either, the general administration policies seek to reduce the interest of its customers from joining the organization in the complaint of bureaucratic requirements for customer’s service.   Either, selectivity to material under protection results to a reduced interest by making people in joining it to complain of their inability to meet the requirements for their admission. Marketing strategies Blockbuster marketing consists of varied modalities that are aimed at improving its marketing system.   A coordinated marketing strategies approach enables it to prevail in the market, which is full of other competitors. Perhaps the most evident marketing strategy attribute with Blockbuster is its decentralized positioning.   Unlike other firms which work only within a limited radius of customers’ service, Blockbuster uses online system to reach its customers.   This is a strategy that seeks to lower distance inefficiencies for services to customers. For Blockbuster, perhaps its biggest success comes from the nature of tits activities branding.   It is known to be a service provider in relation to provision of protection on piracy to peoples work.   With its services brand category, the organization attracts many customers who seek such services.   Either, piracy evident in a broad range of production works helps the organization to reach many customers. In order to capture the interest of many customers, Blockbuster has used an attractive package in pricing its services.   Its price is relatively low and varies substantially to the work under piracy protection.   Generally, Blockbuster has used a low price cost for its services which even makes it to compete with its competitors in the market.   Due to its high turnover, it has even increased in expansion over the past two years. Blockbuster offers a broad range of piracy protection services to its customers.   Such works are copyrighted material, electronic digital work and different patent righted works. The nature of its services is both on small and large scale service provisions which ensure that, it serves all the possible customers in the market. Such service is strictly devised to be online to secure different market efficiencies and economies.   This is perhaps a good market strategy that helps it to reach its customers easily. Perhaps the greatest marketing strategy that is evident with Blockbuster is its dynamic placement of it operational centers.   It consists of online provision of piracy protection service to its customers. Such method of service provision is non-discriminatory to the distances and thus customers can be served from varied places.   This decentralized marketing system helps it capture more customers. (Smith, 1997, p.112) It uses various promotion strategies to expand its catchments area; firstly, it has developed a broad internet advertisement that seeks to reach many people at different places.   Internet advertising is indiscriminative to place and other advertising inefficiencies.   Such methods help to capture many customers at cheap cash. Above internet advertising, Blockbuster has administered a personal selling strategy where it has employed its agents who personally visit customers at different point. Such agency system helps even to improve on the firms’ popularity to those who may not be aware.   Above general sales, the agents help to sale on the business stakeholder ship of the firm. The organization has engaged in diverse various promotions on its products.   It has offered cost advantages to huge customers who are offered with price reductions and other after sale services.   Other cost efficient allowances are given to new members.   Other promotions services are free offers on purchase of some service in regard to service offered or even time frame aspect. (Smith, 1997, p.59) Above all, the promotion behaviour has high sense of public relations to its customers.   Its administrative layout is designed to provide the highest customer relations that ensure developed interest by the customers to the firm’s services.   The frame of administrative structure focuses on ensuring the high customers satisfaction above efficiency and low cost of service. Reference Smith, G. (1997) The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford: Oxford University Press McConnell, A (2004) Making Wal-Mart Pretty: Trademarks and Aesthetic Restrictions on Big  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Box Retailers.   Duke Law Journal, vol. 53         

Jesus the Jew and Christianity Origin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jesus the Jew and Christianity Origin - Essay Example According to the documentary film, Jesus is a Jew, historical person born during the Roman occupation in the town of Bethlehem, in the Nation of Israel. Jesus’ father, Joseph, was from the town of Bethlehem which was a royal town of King David.Joseph was from the lineage of King David, whose family had been promised a messiah. For Jesus to fulfill this promise, He had to be born a Jew. Jesus was, therefore, a direct descendant of King David who was a Jew. Jesus would later be circumcised and baptized according to Jewish traditions. He also believed in the Mosaic Law and preached in Galilee which was entirely Jewish. Apostles would later spread the gospel from Jerusalem to Africa, to South America and from Syria to Britain. Paul was very instrumental in the spread of the Gospel especially throughout the Roman Empire and Europe and wrote 14 letters of the New Testament. The focus now changed from Jerusalem to other areas and for the first time, the followers of Jesus Christ were called Christians in Antioch.