A Study On Change Management Commerce Essay

A Study On ex miscellanea c atomic number 18 Commerce Es reckonAccepting mixed bag is considered the biggest paranoia in todays world. Organizations both clientele and non-business confront a ch on the wholeenging world. round of the challenges that ar faced by managers today include competition from former(a)wise firms, globalization, and technological miscell any(prenominal)s besides others. allow us consider a small example that raft send the stage for discussing the effects of form. Daily life in a upstart society is like a routine, where we wake up in the mornings, hurl breakfast, go for ready, achieve up lunch, come back from work, eat dinner and wherefore sleep again. It has incur a scheduled life, or so to say, we line up to structure in our lives. This structure provides us the necessary security. But, if we were to live in a world full of anxiety and unexpected mechanisms, it may top us feeling uneasy and apprehensive. If this is the condition of per sons, a large-scale channelise in an scheme provoke surely transform its people into anxiety, exasp timetion, frustration, mental picture or even fatal incidents. To curb this, plaques practice what is to be referred to as turn Management. reassign Management is a procedure whereby, the individual, team or the government activity develops a plotted approach towards any sort of an alteration. The target is to capitalize the benefits for the people and less(prenominal)en the risk of failure of implementation. Change charge entails thoughtful protrudening and sensitive implementation, and most importantly, consultation with the people who ar going to be involved in the work. This task studies how organizations render evolved to call for change. But let us first look at the drivers that excise organizational change Inadequate Financial Performance the 2008 economic retardant cannister be well quoted as an example for this. Companies failing to leave their financi al benchmarks, have to suffer change. Competitive organizations can cannibalize their mart sh atomic number 18, provided they enter with cheaper labor or superior technology. Failure to maintain the marketplace sh be can force companies to rethink their opportunity cost and besides the deployment of resources. Changes in Strategic objectives many companies shift their focus from universe product-driven to being customer-driven or even process-driven. To alter this, restructuring and re-orientation of processes, people are required of in the organization. New Technology companies that neglect the new trends in the market are circumstances to suffer a setback, and, therefore, should adapt to the changes in technology. Mergers and Acquisitions when companies merge and consolidate their operations, people and the kitchen-gardening, re-engineering takes place. The streamlining of the operations, infrastructure and the structure of the two organizations into one centralized pen ning is a consider satisfactory leave of the change solicitude process. These, could be specify as the drivers of change that evolve businesses and markets.Organizations, today, have learnt to adapt to change. In this era of globalization, fast-moving lives and business-centered organizations, people and the processes have accepted the transformation. For instance, a lot of investment banks had to undergo transformation during the economic slowdown. Citigroup Inc. restructured its banks and other affiliates during the recessionary period, to acclimatize with the new environment. And it did happen. The commission has to ensure that a smooth shift occurs, and for this it adopts a number of organizational theories as a basis for in effect(p) change trouble. Some of them are listed in the neighboring few paragraphs. The central challenge of changing peoples way and making them susceptible to change remains to be a huge challenge. John Kotter and Dan Cohen, discuss in their book The Heart of Change genuinely life stories of how people change their organizations discuss highly-successful organizations embark large-scale change. They say it moves through and through eight stagesWhat people do and what is to be done for them, requires taxonomic thinking and intentning on the part of the management. It is necessary to build upon a sense of urgency in the people by inspiring them with the pick out that has arisen to undergo change. This could be done with relevant people in the organization first and wherefore go onto include others. These could be referred to as the Change Agents. These agents can then create a team with the credibility, reputation and black-tie authority that can inspire change take upership. The visions, strategies and goals of the employees and the organization could be excite in this process just confabulation of these is of utmost important. The right communication can get the change process on an easy passageway. all path has some definite barriers to action, and it is imperative to remove these as they would originate harmful. Empowering the people to act on their vision could accept to easy transition. Change cannot be brought or so in a jiffy. It requires a lot of sedulousness and observation on part of the organization, and therefore, small waves of change can lead to a bigger, better ocean of possibilities. When the change management process is nigh done, the new culture should remain stagnant until, the coterminous change process comes approximately. This eight- mensuration process of change would help to slide organizational change smoothly into organizational processes and functions and would bring about a new culture. The next opening of change is Kurt Lewins Three-Step Change theory. This theory is considered to be systematic and planned in its approach. It talks about three go namelyThe first step says to unfreeze or to change the existing behavior. This is necessary to all overco me the strains of individual resistance. Some activities that can assist in this step are make the employees, building trust and recognition and letting the employees participate in cogitate sessions and other group activities. The second step talks about pickings the level of the employees to a new target level. In this stage, the employees are boost to work in concert, look at the changes from a new perspective, and support the change agents and the leaders in the process of change. The purpose of refreezing is to stabilize the new sense of balance and ensuring that the changes use are followed by the employees. in that respect are many other theories that can catapult an organization into accepting change, namely, 7-S Framework by Mckinsey, pagan Dimensions by Hofstede, Managerial Grid by Blake-Mouton, Causal Model of organizational Performance and Change by Burke-Litwin, besides others. Organizations, today, understand the relevance of inclusion of its employees in the process of change management, and, therefore by implication of non-homogeneous object lessons and theories, involve their people with full intention of their benefit. The Cognitive theory states the richness of understanding the thought processes of human beings, and this theory aids in the knowledge of the theories and the frameworks used by organizations for prosecute their employees in the change management process.The next task studies the strengths and weaknesses of a Bureaucratic Organization.Task (b)Max Weber gave the notion of bureaucracy at the turn of the 20th century. For him, the ideal bureaucracy was outlined by the terms efficiency, impersonality and rationality. The employees are subject to published codes of rules i.e. the ones that are operational in writing. The structure of the organization is a continuous hierarchy where both level has authority on the level below it. Job holders have no rights to a particular position. Responsibilities are delineated wi thin to each one level, which has its own sphere of competence. Technical competence is the basis for appointment to an office. The strengths and the weaknesses of the bureaucratic organization are described as belowStrengths Increased visualize and monitoring of the upper level management More control over the employees with set rules and regulations Reporting relationships are clear and well-defined Centralized system, where all the decisions are monitoredWeaknesses Lack of innovation due to the set procedures and processes Employees are not motivated because of lesser employee participation and involvement Communication has to go through many levels, which gets distorted Encourages politics in the organizationThese are the strengths and the weaknesses of the bureaucratic organization.The organization chosen is BMW or Bayerische Motoren Werke which is chieftainquartered in Munich, Germany and came into being in 1917. It has become one of the ten largest car manufacturers in th e world. Long-term thinking and root thinking has been the reasons for their success. The prime objectives of their corporate strategy include striving for bionomical and social sustainability, taking full responsibility for their products, and giving commitment towards their resources. It is for these objectives, that BMW has been the firmament leader since the last five days, according to the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices. BMW holds the privilege of having some of the trump brands in the world, to be their creations. These are the BMW Series, MINI and the Rolls Royce. These automobiles represent the finest and the most lordly segment of the cars in the world. Along with the automotive concerns BMW is also employed with other services such as Motorcycles BMW is also engaged with the phylogeny, production and the selling of motorcycles. These motorcycles are set in standard with technology, environmental protection and owing(p) customer pre- sales and after-sales servic es. Financial Services an extensive product portfolio is offered by BMW that supplies cap equal to(p) information and advice for situations and questions in relation with the finance sector. As stated in their Annual Report 2009, BMW is clear with their mission for 2020 where they are the worlds leading supplier of premium products and services for individual mobility. More driving pleasure and less of emissions the BMW group is implementing on this principle, unlike the other automobile manufacturers by work on Efficient kinetics technology. In 2007, BMW adopted the good turn one and only(a) strategy that focused on long-term value growth and profitability. The quaternion pillars of this strategy are Future, Growth, Customers and Profitability. This strategy revolutionized the BMW group and put them on the path to success.BMW has about 24 production and assembly plants in 13 countries. The sales distribution network of BMW stands strong at 41 company-owned subsidiaries an d more than 3,000 dealerships. The next task discusses and compares the ways of organizational ripening and aligns it with BMW.Task (c)Organization festering consists of the activities that intervene in the interactions of the people and the systems, i.e. in the work culture and in the organizational design in roam to increase the efficiency apply a variety of utilise behavioral sciences. Richard Beckhard in what is Organizational exploitation?, mentions that it is an effort (1) planned, (2) organization-wide, and (3) managed from the top, to (4) increase organization effectiveness and health through (5) planned interpositions in the organizations processes, using behavioral-science knowledge.The intervention techniques focus on four categories- the Interpersonal, team or group, intergroup and then the overall organizational intervention. Each intervention revolves around these four categories. Some of the important organization development interventions include great deal Fe edback is a part of intervening in the total organizational system. This methodological analysis believes in taking feedback from the managers in the form of a survey conducted. The entropy is collected, the results are analyzed and then the means are developed to correct the situation. Process Consultation a behavioral effort, this intervention aims at the teams or the intergroup activities, where through interaction, the problem is resolved. Coaching and counseling are the means of influencing change. closing setting the goals of every division in the organization is set. This aligns with the overall organizational objectives. This is an inter-group activity. Managerial Grid it consists of group and individual activities with a view to create the managerial style, interpersonal competence and group effectiveness. Management by Objectives this slam developed by Peter Drucker, where the managers at different levels and their subordinates work together to establish and the n achieve their goals. Re-engineering a radical redesigning of the people, processes and customer gaiety that would obtain drastic changes in the performance.These are some of the ways in which organizational development is encouraged in the organization. The automotive industry undergoes morphological changes in an uncertain economic climate. Manufacturers face a new set of challenges to their business imitates, designs and ultimately, their cost structures. Automotive companies have to ensure that their designs are fuel-efficient, light-weight, are cheap to produce and are desirable. In this era of globalization, where the consumer has become a think-tank and is conscious of its status and upbringing in the society, BMW as an organization has eer believed in identifying demands, reflecting on the challenges and investing in the future. The group understands that success and sustainability start together. The Sustainability Board at BMW continuously evaluates progress and det ermines the suitable strategical directions. all(prenominal) employee at BMW is called upon to help implement the goal of sustainability and responsibility.Of the ways of organizational development that have been discussed above, the intervention of Re-engineering would suit the framework of BMW. This organizational development intervention would seek to radically transform all the processes and gain quantum leaps in the processes. This model would look at the overall improvement at BMW and would even make amendments in the separate divisions.The level of changes that can be enforced in BMW would include Structural changes change at the level of the structure of the organization. inclusion of new members in the committee. BMW continuously evaluates its board members and members of the supervisory board. Also, mergers and acquisitions could bring about a hefty change in the organization. Technical changes hybrid and fuel-efficient cars are the demands of the environment and the industry today. BMW faces the challenge of promoting social and ecological aspects as resource-friendly and effective alternatives on the supplier markets. This is the ecological change that BMW necessarily to apply in its operations. cardinal of the objectives of BMW is reduce the resource consumption and emissions by another 30% as compared to the 2006 level. BMW is already exercising these options by way of applying the Efficient Dynamics Technology. Changes in the Human Resources people are the most important element in any organization. BMW ensures that its employees are satisfied and that they meet the targets of their outline Number ONE, as discussed before. In fact, for any organization, organizational development for its employees is of utmost importance. And that is why, BMW holds its members as the strongest pillar in its Strategy Number ONE. With the help of the Balanced visiting card method, BMW ensures that its members achieve their targets which are also in vie w with achieving the company-wide objectives. The human resources plane section attracts mainly the high performers with the highest competencies. Also, cross-functional training, ideal job description are some of the ways in which the employees are encouraged to challenge the changing environments. One of the powerful course of instructionmes of BMW is called Drive for the young professionals with only up to three years of experience.The next part deals with the development of systems for understanding and involving others in the process of change. diverge IITask (a)In todays fast paced business environment, companies need to have flexible and planned business operations to facilitate radical change. Change to company processes requires dedicated planning, and its become imperative to align resources and employees to the companys objectives and goals. Adopting long term-change, strategic planning in the business units, building performance metrics, management-encouraged ideas, em ployee training and development are some of the critical success factors that would help infuse change in the organization. Of these, the most important is the Stakeholder Analysis. This analysis helps in creating and documenting those policies that would be in the interest of the stakeholders. This analysis would help in aggrandizing the process of change management of the organization.Stakeholder Analysis is a process of gathering and analyzing qualitative data in relation to those to whom the interests of the organization are worth succession. This data is taken into account while deciding upon a particular form _or_ system of government or a program to be implemented. Stakeholders are the persons or organization with vested interest in the policy being promoted. These stakeholders can be the international donors, national/political figures, exoteric agencies, labor, civil society and the users/consumers. There are eight major travel that are involved in this processKammi Schm eer provides these eight steps in Stakeholder Analysis Guidelines, and regards this information to be useful for other analyses as well. This system would help in developing and in introducing change in the organization. When this analysis would be conducted before the policy is implemented then, the policy makers and the managers can act to prevent any potential misunderstanding or opposition. This would enable the program to succeed most likely. BMW already exercises good stakeholder engagement policies in their organization. It believes in the principle of Listen, understand and act. In 2009, BMW hosted its first Stakeholder Roundtable where experts from several(a) environmental, societal and organizational concerns were present. They discussed the issues relating to product strategies and lessen the resource consumption crosswise the value chain. BMW regularly holds stakeholder surveys, employee surveys and commits to sustainability initiatives.Task (b)After developing the syst em for engaging the stakeholders in the implementation of change, the organization is still most likely to get wind resistance. In the light of transitions, it is almost natural for stakeholders to resist change. The most alter in the changing circumstances are the employees. Humans have a desire for perpetual stability, especially in their jobs and roles. And hence, the urge to resist is dominant. many another(prenominal) processes recognize and tend to overcome resistance in an organization. Some of them are Individual Interviews these would help in determining the exact thought processes that are prevailing in the minds of the stakeholders Commitment Plan- all the stakeholders and the members of the organization should be affiliated to the change plan. And this would majorly succeed, if the top-level management inspire leadership and help create a conducive environment to change Communication of decisions as soon as the decisions are taken, they should be intimated to the s takeholders. The same should be done with care and venerate for the stakeholders, respecting the past traditions and describing the vantages of a changed future. Input every stakeholder that is going to be touch on by the change plan should be given a occur to express the views, but in a defined and composed manner. A systematic plan should be developed. Rewards successful implementation and cooperation should be assign with compensatory rewards. Evaluation after the necessary changes have been implemented, the organization should evaluate the strategic changes on continual basis. This evaluation is of utmost importance to the stakeholders, as then the effects of the new policy or programme would be cognise to the policy makers. This would help in making amendments and improvising further.PART IIIThis part deals with the plan that would be required to implement ongoing change in the organization.Task (a)Every organization needs to gain competitive advantage in todays world. Taking a holistic approach towards the process can assure the company to adopt the right mindset from the first go. There are various models for implementation of change management in an organization. Some of the models that would aid in proper change management especially in BMW are described as below. 1. ADKAR Change Model by ProsciThis a goal oriented change model that allows the management teams to focus their activities on the business results. This acronym is characterized by the words cognizance, Desire, Knowledge, Ability and Reinforcement. There should be Awareness for the need for change a Desire to participate and support the change Knowledge of how to change Ability to change on a day-after-day basis and Reinforcement to keep the change in place. This model can be used to Diagnose the resistance of employees to change Help the employees in accepting the transition Create a successful action plan for personal and professional management Develop a change management plan This model helps in identifying why the changes are not running(a) and what could be done to implement the changes.2. The 4-D process of Appreciative EnquiryThis model by David Cooperrider talks about the change interventions that can take process via the 4-D way Discovery mobilizing a whole system enquiry reverie envisioning the impact Design co-constructing the future with the stakeholders Delivery Sustaining the ChangeOrganizations, says this theory, are centers of human relations and thrive only when there is an appreciative eye. Kurt Lewins Three-Stage model has been discussed before is a powerful tool in bring about the necessary changes in an organization. BMW, as an organization has learnt to adapt flexibly to any new situation. There are some recommendations that need to be applied by BMW in its organization to foster easy change word meaning by the employees. These are Temporal Flexibility in this module, the employees should be able to take advantage of flexible w ork time models. They can work part-time or even full time. In motion- geographically and professionally not only geographical expansion, BMW should ensure that it does not exceed the head count of its employees. It is necessary to have skilled labor in order to survive new technologies and new markets Staff-oriented leadership the staff should be meant to lead the way into the organization. Active Participation BMW should encourage innovation and improvement culture by giving its staff numerous opportunities to have a package in the companys future. They should have the right to give in suggestions and ideas. Co-evaluate staff surveys should be held regularly at BMW to evaluate the effects of change in the organization Total Quality Management the quality at BMW should be deepen and maintained at all levels. Care should be taken to reverse any mistakes. BMW is a technology-driven organization, and therefore, should apply the above given recommendations. If these are impleme nted practically, then it would be easier for the stakeholders to accept the new policies which would be based on successful past data.Task (b)In order to ensure that a correct change management plan has been implemented, a plan needs to be developed. This plan is divided into three phases that has been developed by ages of query by ProsciPhase 1 Preparation for changePhase 2- Managing the changePhase 3 Reinforcing the ChangePhase 1 Phase 2Phase 3There are various possible outcomes that an organization would experience after successful implementation of the plan. These are Greater organizational effectiveness Improved work quality and morale Enhanced cooperation and collaboration in work Better customer service Increased ROI trim back time to implement changeThis plan can be implemented in BMW by operating not only horizontally but even in the vertical structure. Every division of BMW should exercise this plan and work upon it in making the recommended changes.This effective pla n would be able to result in fruitful changes in BMW, and help them in achieving their Strategy Number ONE with ease.Reference ListBooks1. Handy, Charles, (1990), The Age of Unreason, Harvard communication channel School Press, United States of America2. Kotter, John Cohen, Dan, (2002), The Heart of Change, Harvard transaction School Press, United States of America3. Weber, Max , (1947), The Theory of Social and economical Organization, Collier Macmillan Publishers, LondonPDF files1. Schmeer, Kammi, Stakeholder Analysis Guidelines. http//new.paho.org/hss/documents/policytoolkitforstrengtheninghealthsectorreformpartii-EN.pdf2. Beckhard, Richard, What is Organizational Development?.http//media.wiley.com/product_data/ get out/64/07879842/0787984264.pdf3. Prosci Change Management Series http//www.prosci.com/prosci_change_series.pdf 4. BMW Annual Report 2009http//www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf5. BMW Sustainability nurture Report 2009http//www.bmwgroup .com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/verantwortung/publikationen/sustainable_value_report_2008/_pdf/SVR_2008_engl_Gesamtversion.pdf

How The Fashion World Affects Teenage Girls

How The carriage World Affects Teenage GirlsTeenage girls represent a meticulous demographic and they atomic number 18 a great deal self-conscious as they wear come on and acquire into young adults. Their preferences in dash ar also ever-changing (Ang 2010) and their choices intelligibly influence how the mode world and the media portray with-it women. This reputation intends to prove that the way devise World portray women can get along eating unhinges, which is a hard mental health issue.These days, news stands attain been periling hammer magazines with parts of women who atomic number 18 often boil down. Similarly, the television is also portraying to a greater extent and much thin women. Bones ar becoming more unmingled and implants are now replacing the real breast. Since close to super sit downs and actors featured in elan magazine are skinny, they risk kidney failure, osteoporosis and blush infertility (Rowland 2001). However, adolescent girls do not realize the risks associated with being skinny. For most puerile girls, the blameless person they want to be is a supermodel or a fashionable actor and the focussing mostly is on external appearance. This is the reason wherefore most jejunedrs today are unsatisfied with their appearance, which affects their diet and self-confidence (Rowland 2001). base on the survey made by Reuters, almost 9 out of 10 teenage girls stated that they feel pressured to be skinny by the fashion world. Today, most fashion models weigh approximately 23 per centumage less than the normal woman. Indeed, most models do not represent intermediate women. A research discovered that majority of models are between the ages of 14 and 19 and their average height is approximately 510 to 511 and their average burthen is around 120 to 124 pounds. The healthy weight for women around this height must be between 142-150 pounds. It shows a significant difference and to mention that 124 pounds for 510 women are considered as unhealthy (The Effects of form assiduity on Eating Disorders 2010).A huge contributing factor to this cephalalgia is that most influential concourse of the fashion industry promote the use of overly thin models in fashion shows and editorials. For instance, Chanel designer Karl Lagerfield stated that those people who said that skinny models are ugly are only jealous and fatty tissue. Lagerfield has been quoted stated that These are fat mummies sitting with their bags of crisps in front of the television, saying that thin models are ugly. This feeling is not only repulsive but it can influence the fashion world that most people raise this idea. Apart from Lagerfield, world-renowned fashion generator Kelly Cutrone defends employing skinny models by stating that Clothes look better on thin people since the fabric hang better (The Effects of Fashion industriousness on Eating Disorders 2010).Fashion worlds obsession towards skinny women clearly pressured teenage girls to become skinny. Continuous picture show to images of thin fashion models often reduces self-consciousness among teenage girls (Smith 2008). In order to improve their self-esteem, adolescents tried to seek ways in order to acquire a super slim figure. This go outed in change magnitude cases of eating disorders such as bulimia and anorexia nervosa (The Effects of Fashion Industry on Eating Disorders 2010).Based on the studies of Washington-based American academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, figures of eating disorder cases has doubled since 1960s in the United States with an approximately ten million girls and women who are affected by bulimia nervosa, anorexia and former(a) eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa pertains to excessive weight loss and self-starvation. A teenage girl is considered having anorexia if she loses 15 percent of weight or when exploitation adolescents failed to reach at least eighty-five percent of minimal weight depending on age and height . Other symptoms of anorexia includes loss of menstrual percentage point, excessive focus on shape and body weight, feeling overweight regardless of melodramatic weight loss, having an intense fear of gaining fat or weight, sore throat, and refusing to capture an acceptable body weight (Eating Disorders 2008).A teenage girl having anorexia are often perfectionist and high achiever in school. Girls who see from anorexia also suffer from low self-esteem and irrational belief that they are fat even though they are actually thin. They also experience a genius of control and often say no to the normal food bespeak of their bodies. Because of their entrustingness to become very slim, as demanded by the fashion world, the teenage girls will starve themselves. withaltually they could even suffer from serious illnesses and this could even result in death (Eating Disorders 2008).Bulimia nervosa is another eating disorder, which is often characterized by purging. This involves eating h uge amounts of food in a short period and then getting rid of what they prolong eaten through vomiting, over-exercising and laxative abuse. It would be difficult to recognize bulimia since most people with this kind of disorder stay at normal body weight. Bulimia signifies a serious risk to the patients physical health such as dehydration, hormonal instability and damage to vital organs (Eating Disorders 2008).Based on the Philadelphia-based Renfrew Center Foundation, cardinal percent of American girls from fifth through 12th grade look at that they want to become slim due to magazine pictures and 60 percent stated that magazines affect their ideas of desirable body type. The worst human beings is that most teenage girls do not realize the every image of model in fashion magazines has been altered using the latest engineering in order to remove bulges and any undesirables. Images in fashion magazines are often unrealistic, manipulated and airbrushed, yet they still place consid erable pressure on teenage girls (Terzieff 2006).The fashion worlds emphasis on underweight models is clearly unacceptable and concerned people and individuals should find a solution in order to exculpate this dilemma. One comfortably example are the actions made by the Council of Fashion Designers of America that get tod a CFDA initiatives that imposes particular proposition recommendations to designers and magazines in order to solve this concern (Eating Disorders 2008). CFDAs solutions consists of the following requiring models who have eating disorders to seek professional care and they will not be allowed to work without professional approval, providing healthy meals during photo sprout and runway shows and sharing information for models and the rest of the industry regarding eating disorders (Eating Disorders 2008).On the other hand, harsher means should be imposed. Sample size among women should increase. On the other hand, a committee that approves magazines and fashion s shows before presenting their work should be created. These committees should create specific weigh standards and ensure that each girl in a fashion magazine or those who will walk on a runway. Even though this might require considerable time and money, this is completely requirement (The Effects of Fashion Industry on Eating Disorders 2010).One good example of a similar initiative is the solution by Spains fashion industry, which made international headlines not only for the clothes on display but also for the models size. The capital of Spain Regional government implemented a ban on skinny models for Madrid Fashion Week catwalks. The finis made also produce shock waves across international fashion industry (Terzieff 2006).Advocates even encourage the industry to expand the ban and create new standards on the weight and sizes of models. The government of Spains main intention is to encourage healthier body image. More than thirty percent of models who appeared in Madrid catwalk s last year were disqualified because of the new guidelines. This would also prevent the exponentiation of top models including Spains Esther Canadas, Brazils Fabiana, Estonian model Carmen Kass and Britains Kate Moss (Terzieff 2006).ConclusionTeenage girls represents a meticulous demographic and they are often self-conscious as they develop and mature into young adults. Their preferences in fashion are also changing (Ang 2010) and their choices are clearly influence how the fashion world and the media portray fashionable women. These days, newsstands have been displaying fashion magazines with images of women who are often thin. Similarly, the television is also portraying more and more thin women. Bones are becoming more apparent and implants are now replacing the real breast. Since most supermodels and actors featured in fashion magazine are skinny, they risk kidney failure, osteoporosis and even infertility (Rowland 2001).Fashion worlds obsession towards skinny women clearly pr essured teenage girls to become skinny. Continuous exposure to images of thin fashion models often reduces self-esteem among teenage girls (Smith 2008). The worst reality is that most teenage girls do not realize the every image of model in fashion magazines has been altered using the latest technology in order to remove bulges and any undesirables. Images in fashion magazines are often unrealistic, manipulated and airbrushed, yet, they still place considerable pressure on teenage girls (Terzieff 2006). In order to improve their self-esteem, adolescents tried to seek ways in order to acquire a super slim figure. This resulted in increased cases of eating disorders such as bulimia and anorexia nervosa (The Effects of Fashion Industry on Eating Disorders 2010). The fashion worlds emphasis on underweight models is clearly unacceptable and concerned people and individuals should find a solution in order to solve this dilemma.

Psychiatric Care After Drug Overdose: Case Study

Psychiatric fretting After Drug Overdose Case StudyCase Scenario MarcellaHelen F arlMarcella is a 15 year old bi-racial female who was admitted to the local community infirmary in Chester, Pennsylvania for a drug overdose. The attending psychiatrist, Dr. Miller has refer inflamed Marcella to me to be evaluated for a possible centre usance distract and to be screened for the possible essay of future middle riding habit disarray.C arfully describe the invitees demographic characteristics.Marcella is a 15-year-old bi-racial (Caucasian and African American) female who attends high crop full-time.What is the presenting business?Marcella has been referred for binding of a possible amount utilize disorder and the possible risk of future substance design problems after macrocosm treated at a local community hospital for attempting self-destruction with prescription(prenominal) pain medications.What is the pertinent family chronicle?Marcella is being elevated by her grand parents with sporadic input from her single m reinvigorated(prenominal). Bethany, Marcellas mother, has n incessantly been married and has raised Marcella as a single mom since her birth.What is the substance design muniment of the clients family?Marcellas grandparents both drank alcohol passim their vainglorious lives and also experimented with various other drugs. Her stepfather commits marijuana on a chance(a) basis beca practice he feels that it helps with the pain from a back injury. Her mother certain a substance use problem at the age of 14, before long after her father killed himself, and it rapidly progressed.What are or so of the direct and indirect messages Marcella whitethorn wear received from her family to the highest spirit halt aim substance use?Children and teenagers are heavily act upond by their parents. Having a parent who uses drugs is a strong prognosticator of jejune substance twist. The messages that Marcella may have received are my paren ts and grandparents use drugs so therefore it is okay for me to use them as well.What is Marcellas preparation and employment history?Marcella is a full-time high teach scholar and has non had any type of employment at this point besides has done some babysitting.What is significant in terminal figures of risk factors, about Marcellas academic history?Marcella has done well academically throughout elementary school besides for the last four years her grades in high school have been steadily dropping.Describe Marcellas fond history?Marcella can name only two friends and also states that she doesnt like people so having only two friends is fine with her.What is Marcellas self-report of her substance use history?Marcella states that she has utilise alcohol a a few(prenominal) times with her friends and also employ alcohol on special cause at family gatherings. She also states that her self-destruction attempt was the first off time she used pain pills or any non-prescribed drugs.What is significant in terms of risk factors about Marcellas description of her relationships with family members?When asking Marcella about her relationship with her family members she say that she never had a father and she isnt sure if her mother blush knows who her father was. She also states that he has never been a part of her life. She bluffly states that she hasnt had a mother for the past few years as well. She describes her grandmother as the only one who would care if she had succeeded in her self-destruction attempt.Accurately identify risk and protective factors for wining a substance use disorder as link up to the client in the sideslip scenario.Many factors have been identified that help determine which individuals are credibly to abuse drugs. The factors that are associated with the great potential for drug abuse are known as risk factors, and those associated with the least potential for drug abuse are known as protective factors. (NIDA, 2003. pg. 6). Risk factors influence drug use in some ways. The to a greater extent(prenominal) risks the teenage is exposed to the more(prenominal) likely he or she is to use and abuse drugs. (NIDA, 2003. pg. 7). Having a family history of substance abuse puts the adolescent at risk for drug abuse. The social movement of protective factors can diminish the impact of some risk factors, such(prenominal) as parental support and involvement this can reduce the influence of strong risks, such as having substance ab apply peers. (NIDA, 2003. pg. 7).Some risk factors that could have an influence on Marcella are depicted object use among parents.Poor addition with parents.Social disgustfuliesNegative emotionalityEarly substance use faculty member troubleLow commitment to schoolSome protective factors that could lessen the impact of a few of the risk factors arePositive fleshly developmentFamily connectedness (attachment and bonding with grandmother)Living in a enduring home (grandparents)Sup portive relationship with family (grandmother).(NIDA, 2003).Discuss other applicable factors in the case scenario that could lead to the development of a substance use disorder. other risk factors often relate to the quality of relationships outside of the family, such as in their schools, with their peers, teachers, and in the community. (NIDA, 2003. pg. 9). Difficulties in these settings can be crucial to the adolescents emotional, cognitive, and social development. Some of the risk factors are academic failure and poor coping skills. (NIDA, 2003. pg. 9).Other risks that can influence adolescents to start using drugs are the availability of the drugs and the belief that drug abuse is generally tolerated. (NIDA, 2003. pg. 9). covert and judgement are part of a exhibit that aims to identify and respect the psychogenic health and substance use related needs and behaviors of adolescents. It isdifficult to determine where covering fire ends and estimation begins. Screening det ermines the need for a more comprehensive assessment but does not provide actual culture about the diagnosing or possible interference needs. The cover process should pack no longer than thirty minutes and in some instances will be shorter. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 9). An appropriate concealment procedure must take into consideration several variables pertaining to the client, such as their age, ethnicity, culture, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and literacy level. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 10). It is strategic that the contents of the test be appropriate for clients from a variety of backgrounds and cultures. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 10). thither are three primary components to preliminary screening content domains, screening methods, and culture sources. The screening procedure focuses on verified indicators of substance related problems among adolescents. These indicators fall into two categories those that indicate substance use problem callousness and those that arepsychosoci al factors. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 11). There is no set number of uncovered red flags or indicators that mandate a referral for a comprehensive assessment. Many of the screening questionnaires provide a set of scores to assist with the decision in obtaining a comprehensive assessment. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 11). Regardless, if there are several red flags or a few that are meaningful, it is recommended to refer the adolescent for a more comprehensive assessment. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 11). The comprehensive assessment follows a positive screening for a substance use disorder and may lead to long term interposition efforts such as treatments. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 11). The screening procedures identify if the adolescent has a significant substance use problem and the comprehensive assessment confirms the problem and helps toclarify other problems that may be connected with the adolescents substance use disorder. Comprehensive information can be used to develop a proper set of interventions. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 17).There are many different employments of the comprehensive assessment.To report in more detail the vicinity, nature, and whimsey of substance utilization reported amid a screening, including whether the pre-adult touchs symptomatic criteria for abuse or dependence. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 17).To focus the particular treatment needs of the client if substance pervert or substance dependence is confirmed, so that limited resources are not misdirected. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 17).To allow the evaluator to take in more about the nature, connects, and results of the adolescents substance-utilizing conduct. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 17).To reassure that related issues not hailed in the screening procedure (e.g., issues in medicinal status, mental status, social functioning, family relations, educational performance, and delinquent behavior) are recognized. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 17).To inspect the degree to which the adolescents family (as characterized front) might be included in the comprehensive assessme nt but also in possible subsequent interventions. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 17).To distinguish particular qualities of the adolescent, family, and other social backings (e.g., coping skills) that could be utilized within creating a adjustment treatment plan (financial information is significant here as well). (NCBI, 1999. pg. 17).To develop a written report thatIdentifies and accurately diagnoses the severity of the use.Identifies factors that contribute to or are related to the substance use disorder.Identifies a corrective treatment plan to address these problem field of honors.Details a plan to watch that the treatment plan is implemented and overseeed to its conclusion.Makes recommendations for referral to agencies or services. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 17).A valid, standardised, and clinically relevant assessment is crucial for effective intervention with adolescent substance abusers. (NIH, 2005. para. 6). The advantages of standardized assessments are that theyProvide a benchmark against w hich clinical decisions can be compared and validatedAre less prone to clinician biases and inconsistencies than more traditional assessment methods andProvide a common language which improved communication in the field can develop. (NIH, 2005. para 6).Until recently clinicians have relied on clinical judgment or locally developed procedures to diagnose adolescent substance use problems. This has begun to change since standardized and clinically valid instruments such as The Drug Use Screening Inventory Revised (DUSI-R), The Teen-Addiction Severity tycoon (T-ASI), have been introduced into the literature. Developmental appropriateness is critical to the effectiveness of using these instruments in work with adolescents. (NIH, 2005. para. 7).The Drug Use Screening Inventory-Revised (DUSI-R) is a 159-item instrument that documents the level of involvement with a variety of drugs and quantifies severity of consequences associated with drug use. The profile identifies and prioritizes in tervention needs and provides an informative and facile method of monitoring treatment rail line and aftercare. The DUSI-R is a self-administered instrument. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 69).The purpose of this instrument is to comprehensively evaluate adolescents and adults who are hazard of using drugs to identify or flag problem areas to quantitatively monitor treatment progress and outcome and to estimate likelihood of drug use disorder diagnosis. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 69). A decision tree approach is used and the information acquired should be viewed as implicative and not definitive in that the findings should pay off hypotheses regarding the areas requiring comprehensive diagnostic evaluation by using other instruments. The DUSI-R is coordinate and formatted for self-administration using paper and pencil or computer. The areas assessed are substance use behavior, behavior patterns, health status, psychiatric disorder, social skill, family system, school work, peer relationship, untenante d and recreation. This assessment takes 20-40 minutes to complete depending on the subject. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 69).The Teen Addictions Severity indication (T-ASI) is a brief assessment instrument developed for use when an adolescent is being admitted to inpatient care for substance use related problems. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 78). The purpose of this instrument is to provide basic information on an adolescent prior to entry into inpatient care for substance use related problems. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 78). This assessment is an objective face to face interview combined with opportunity for assessor to offer comments, confidence ratings (indication whether the information may be distorted), and severity ratings (indicating how severe the assessor believes is the need for treatment or counseling). (NCBI, 1999. pg. 78). The areas assessed are chemical use, school status, employment/support, family relationships, peer/social relationships, legal status (involvement with criminal justice program), psychiatric status, and contact list for additional information. The number of questions asked for each area are fewer in number than many of the other instruments used. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 78). These screening tools are brief self-reports or interviews that are used as the first step in the process of evaluating whether an adolescent may or may not have a drug problem. The outcome of a screening is to determine the need for further, more comprehensive assessment. (NCBI, 1999. pg. 78).I would use the DUSI-R to assess Marcellas potential drug use because it is a self-report inventory that is useable in paper or online that deals with both drugs and alcohol. It is utilized for measuring menstruation status, recognizing areas in need of prevention, and evaluating the degree of change after treatment.Substance use disorder in the DSM-5 combines the DSM-IV categories of substance abuse and substance dependence into a single disorder using a measurement of minor to severe. The diagnosis of dependence caused some confusion. Most people think that dependence is addiction when in fact dependence could be the bodys form response to a substance. In order for a patient to be diagnosed with Substance Use Disorder the patient must meet at least two of the eleven criteria for the diagnosis. A patient meeting 2-3 of the criteria indicates mild substance use disorder, meeting 4-5 criteria indicates moderate substance use disorder and meeting 6-7 criteria indicates severe substance use disorder. (BupPractice, 2014).The Diagnostic Criteria are as followsContinuing to use opioids despite negative personal consequences.Repeatedly futile to carry out major obligations at work, school, or home collectible to opioid use.Recurrent use of opioids in physically hazardous situations.Continued use despite glum or recurring social or interpersonal problems caused or made worse by opioid use.Tolerance as specify by either a need for markedly increased amounts to reach intoxication or desired effect or markedly cadaverous effect with continued use of the same amount.Withdrawal manifesting as either characteristic syndrome or the substance is used to avoid withdrawal.Using greater amounts or using over a longer time time period than intended.Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control opioid use.Spending a lot more time obtaining, using, or recovering from using opioids.Stopping or reducing important social, occupational, or recreational activities due to opioid use.Consistent use of opioids despite acknowledgement of persistent or recurrent physical or psychological difficulties from using opioids. inclination or a strong desire to use opioids. (This is a new criterion added since the DSM-IV-TR). (BupPractice, 2014).During the assessment and evaluation with Marcella she stated that she tried alcohol a few times with friends and on special occasions at family gatherings and she denies having ever been intoxicated. She also states that the pa in pills she took in the suicide attempt were her only use of non-prescribed drugs. According to the DSM-5, Marcella does not meet any of the criteria for the diagnosis of a substance use disorder. In order to be diagnosed with a substance use disorder Marcella must meet 2 of the 11 criteria for the diagnosis. After my assessment and evaluation of Marcella I have come to the conclusion that she does not meet any of the criteria to be diagnosed with a substance use disorder. While she did take prescription pain medication in an attempt to commit suicide it was the first and only time that she took any type of drug prescription or otherwise. Marcella continues to work on her other medical issues with the hospital psychiatrist.ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2005). Substance-Related and addictive disorders. Retrieved from www.dsm5.org/Documents/Substance%20Use%20Disorder%20Fact%20sheet.pdfBupPractice. (2014). DSM-5 Substance use disorder. Diagnostic criteria. Retrieved fro m www.dsm5.org/Documents/Substance%20Disorder%20Fact%20sheet.pdfCenters for Substance Abuse Treatment. (1999).Screening and assessing adolescents for substance use disorders. Substance abuse and mental health services administration (US) (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 31 Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64364/pdf/TOC.pdfNational Institute on Drug Abuse. (2003). Chapter 1 Risk and preventative Factors. In Preventing Drug Use Among Children and Adolescents. Retrieved from http//drugabuse.gov/publications/preventing-drug-abuse-among-children-and-adolescents?chapter-1-risk-factors-protective-factors.Miller, W.R., Forcehimes, A. A., Zweben, A. (2011). Treating addiction A guide for professionals. impertinently York, NY GuilfordNational Institute on Drug Abuse. (n.d.). Risk and protective factors. Retrieved from http//drugabuse.gov/sites/ neglect/files/preventingdruguse_2.pdf

Changing Marketing Strategies of Pharmaceutical Companies

Changing Marketing St tempogies of pharmaceutic Companies buncoPharmaceutical companies spend thumping sums of currency in the time-consuming inquiry and development of radical doses and the reinvigorated classes of medicines. each(prenominal) come with mart in the US seeks the possible payoff of staggering high profits which is possible on their everywhereted medicines. Because of the lack of monetary nurse regulation in the market environment in the unify States, the United States has become a subvention sales market targeted by all(prenominal) pharmaceutic companies. This explains the continued go outingness of severally pharmaceutic company to persist done the entire long service of idea, creation, development, tribulationing, approval, merchandising and distribution despite the high possibility of ingathering mishap. The pharmaceutic companies apply had to to boot contend with more US federal FDA rules, regulation and oersight in the United States for the entire process before receiving headroom to start merchandising their medicine carrefour. Other influences deal HMOs and Social security system cap limits affect profit skill structure. Over the support fifty historic period rude(a)er merchandise strategies by pharmaceutical companies on prescription dose doses involve a directive appeal to the end consumer to increase the odds of making embodied profits and a marketing focus on social and mesh interaction.IntroductionPharmaceutical companies bring up narrow medical medicine natural designed to fill a need. These pharmaceutical companies argon usually transnational operations located in key countries around the globe. Many deem gr fetch got to become complete facilities that attempt to do the entire spectrum of search, develop, screen and final examinati only market the subject drug in order to string the whole benefits possible from the entire cycle (Kaitin, 2010). The pharmaceutical constancy has delegaten oer time that they eat the capability to increase consumer perceived value with their preposterous drug products using their own winnerful plans for timely marketing. But because of these senior and unexampled factors causing cumulative hurtles, a new trend in marketing in the pharmaceutical pains is instantly to to boot market direct to the customer, for example TV macrocosmize spots masking a new superior drug product which has special features making it nowadays appealing to a consumer. Changes in basic marketing structure tactical maneuver will be evaluated for the key levels of pressure from these internal and external factors as these pharmaceutical companies seek to address continuing on acquittance product failure rates, increasing US regulation and the ever present voltage contestation from others inside their own exertion.This trend has been a natural development over the last hundred forms or so. This is reasonable because the same look for tha t produces one drug whitethorn produce an entire class of drugs for market. Confidentiality, control, patents and trouble give these pharmaceutical companies the oversight. It also allows each pharmaceutical company to stay maximum control of all their connected environments. And by controlling these the final marketing each company achieve continues the cycle of giving the n early(a) control over the drug for the marketing campaign.The drug industry practically competes widely distributed and on different economic levels but in some specific territorial markets like the United States, pricing structures are non pre assemble by the government and therefore the free market sets its own competitive standards for pricing giving the possibility and most often the luck of higher drug prices with the resultant declamatoryger profit level opportunities. neverthe little these are origin by rigorous structural standard guidelines set by the FDA that must be complied with for any drug sold or marketed to the US humankind.In the past, drug companies in United States, marketed to doctors, hospitals, nursing homes and sometimes middledleman companies as transitional handlers of the newest product. Marketing drugs in the United states has now changed as developers are now targeting consumers directly through television spots, online advertising and in print ads. The direct appeal is to restore the end check consumer witting of the name of the drug and its benefits. The object is to have the consumer become familiar with the trade name, ask for the drug directly from their doctor thus boosting the initial sales of the new product and creating a ready market.Industry archivesMarchetti Schellens (2007) outline the structures of development showing it to be complex and expensive. Not only does the potential class or specific drug have to be discovered or created, it has to show promise for authoritative illness or disease, then pharmaceutical research can pr oceed through certain phases. Pharmaceutical companies have a history of costly product failures. in general theres three clinical phrases and all this can take upwards of 15 years to complete. Additionally the FDA has trended over the last decade to creating higher pressures against drug companies by non approving as many new drugs for marketing. The probability odds are that any specific drug in early clinical phase has only 8% chance or less of ever becoming public ( nutrition and do drugs Administration, 2006) (Kummar, 2007). In the United States the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has sought to control the drugs available to Americans because of the number of tragedies that have resulted in abide defects or deaths. The most highly publicized incidental was in the mid-1960s and the drug was called thalidomide which for pregnant women often resulted in severe birth defects. As an end result of public outrage creating governmental pressures, the pharmaceutical companies are overseen at all levels and must now successful clinical trials. Lamb(1998) writes that testing protocols have been standardized and once clinical trials are established there is a analysis period with the end result world an application to the FDA called an NDA ( new drug application) which contains all the technical information.Over the last forty years (1970s -2010) and now in 2011 differential forces are in opposition to the ends of pharmaceutical companies. Environmental and rubber eraser issues, new technologies, mergers and the rise of managed divvy up and health maintenance organizations (HMOs) have all effectively changed the environment thats pharmaceutical companies operate in. additionally in 1997 the FDA changed regulations relating to the presentation of risk level. This action in the United States opened the door for pharmaceutical companies to directly market to the public .This freedom for the pharmaceutical companies is offset by the FDA still having oversi ght superintendence of the specific phases and clinical approval. The FDA must approve the drug. After the drug is marketed there is oversight for continued compliance by the pharmaceutical companies to ensure a low-level of side effects during marketing. Post approval by the FDA comes solely after this period (Silverman, 2011).Pharmaceutical company using up on marketing exceeds that fatigued on research.322 In 2004 in Canada $1.7 meg a year was spent marketing drugs to physicians and in the United States $21 billion were spent in 2002.4 In 2005 money spent on pharmaceutical marketing in the US was estimated at $29.9 billion with one estimate as high as $57 billion.3 When the US number are humbled down 56% was free samples, 25% was detailing of physicians, 12.5% was direct to consumer advertising, 4% on hospital detailing, and 2% on journal ads.4 In the United States approximately $20 billion could be saved if generic wines were used kinda of equivalent brand name products.3 Although pharmaceutical companies have made sizeable investments in marketing their products, overall promotional spending has been decreasing over the last a couple of(prenominal) years, and declined by 10 perpenny from 2009 to 2010. Pharmaceutical companies are cutting posterior mostly in detailing and sampling, while spending in mailings and print advertising grew since last year.23Historical MarketingPharmaceutical companies have active various methods of marketing their products and this idea can be understood by the phrase How would you like to be in an industry where your buyers are un assured almost your product and almost 100 per cent insensitive to its price? (The Business brink Consortium, 2010). For many decades this was true. Around the mid 80s this started to change The result of these industry conditions was impressive profit growth through the middle of the 1980s. With significant barriers to entry, docile suppliers, powerless buyers, almost no holy terror of substitutes, and little rivalry, the pharmaceutical industry in the 1980s was just near as perfect an industry as one could imagine. accustomed its attractiveness, the industry attracted the attention of genetic and molecular biology scientists and the venture capital community, who aphorism its appeal and thought their revolutionary approaches to drug therapy could attract enough money to overcome the unnerving entry barriers the industry enjoyed.Thus, as scientific advances in biotechnology took hold, numerous entrepreneurial companies like Genentech and Amgen were founded to commercialize new scientific breakthroughs. Genentech, the first biotech firm having commercial success, developed a protein that broke up blood clots. Amgens famous molecular biology used recombinant DNA to produce erythropoietin, a hormone that increases the supply of red blood cells in anaemic patients under treatment for cancer and other diseases. By 2000, erythropoietin was generating $2 billion in sales and another $3 billion in licensing taxation for Amgen. Both of these new entrants fared very well in this attractive industryGenentech went public in 1980, and by 2001 its shares had appreciated 2700 per cent since its IPO. Amgen shares, first offered in 1983, soared more than 16,000 per cent. Starting in the mid-1980s, the barriers to enter the pharmaceutical industry began to show cracks. New legislation made it easier for generic drug companies to enter the market. In the USA, the 1984 Waxman-Hatch Act, which changed the rules for generic drug manufacturers, digestd the barriers to generic entry. Instead of having to prove the generic drugs safety and efficacy, the act required companies only to prove their formulas were equivalent to that of the brandname drug. The posterior growth in generic drugs was profound. By 1996, generic drugs accounted for more than 40 per cent of pharmaceutical prescriptions.Aside from the influx of generics, the pharmaceutical companies also look a wave of biotechnology competitors enter their industry Genentech, Amgen and many others suggesting that economies of outdo believet less than they used to, and that barriers to entry, while still high in arbitrary terms, were dropping, thanks in part to the availability of venture capital. Further, the biotech companies new science- concentrate research model, known as rational drug design, stood the traditional approach to drug discovery on its head. These drug companies worked backwards from known disease biochemistry to set or design chemical keys to fit the biochemical locks of that disease.Traditionally they employed very effective strategies that includes educational snitchship to cover the costs of continuing knowledge for top medical personnel, sponsorship of articles in well-respected journal publications, providing free drugs samples to doctors and promotional gifts that include a corporate logo or specifics almost a drug the idea coffin nail the promot ional marketing is to simply connect the new drug with an old medical symptom and encourage the writers of the prescription to conform to the marketing cycle. Promantally pharmaceutical samples are still given out to doctors as a promotion and marketing tactic and it works (Alexander, Zhang Basu, 2008). A few generations ago these forms of marketing worked well for the pharmaceutical companies. However circumstances have changed. The FDA seeks to discourage the intimate partnership between pharmaceutical companies and their pharmaceutical representatives is the connection to the doctors prescribing medicines, these days doctors see more patients and fewer pharmacy drug representatives, additionally there is a continuing trend by hospitals, doctors and pharmacies towards being right in their recommendations and prescriptions because of lawsuits of all kinds (Pharmaceutical Industry History, 2007). Medical drug malpractice suits in the US are rising. Fiscus (2008) writes that In the United States, the growing use of DTC advertising has elevated challenges to one of the strongest defenses available to drug manufacturers against failure to warn allegations in product liability suits for prescription drugs and medical devices the learned intermediary doctrine. Under this doctrine, a manufacturer fulfills its duty to warn by adequately informing a learned intermediary, typically a physician.Current Marketing.In 2010 the global pharmaceutical market is expenditure over 825 million with a large percentage of this comes from newer and mature drug products and there are over 100,000 health-related websites (The Business Edge Consortium, 2010).The statistics show that marketing by pharmaceutical companies is changing because of external pressures. thither has been a dramatic rise in U.S. physicians routinely using d the web to check or research information making the relevancy of digital promotion all the more important Pharmaceutical companies have risen to the changing challenge of meshing marketing and now drive and advertise doctor friendly physician and customer service online portals like PubMed, the U.S. National Library of Medicine, National, and Physicians Interactive (Kaitin, 2010). Pharmaceutical marketers are relying more on connecting digital medical information to their target audience through focused marketing, interactive social media campaigns, and cell and mobile linked advertising all targeted to connect to the 145 million + U.S. adults who go online for health answers .The old saying time is money is accurate in the case of pharmaceutical companies as it takes upwards of 15 years to develop a potential drug which only has a 8% probability of getting out of trials and going to market. because it is a necessity to care plentifuly control costs and expenses where possible. integrity major area of expense has been having marketing representatives which were costing out as high as15 to 20% of a pharmaceutical companies a nnual drug product revenues. As pharmaceutical company overall expenses and costs have additionally escalated over the last few generations there is a need to reduce expenses down where possible. So the switch from costly pharmaceutical representatives to cheaper graphic marketing is easily understood. Finkelstein (1997) wrote that Competitive and technological changes in the pharmaceutical industry-from powerful new drug chemistries to innovative RD partnerships and marketing plans-are reshaping the line of trade strategies of many pharmaceutical and biotechnology companiesGiven these cost pressures it is understandable that the pharmaceutical companies are looking for split up ways to market their drugs. The newest strategy is now to promote what is known as marketing blockbuster medical drugs directly to the consumer public. The idea was to empower the consumer. near now only the United States and New Zealand allow pharmaceutical products promoted by DTC (Pharmaceutical Drug Manufacturers, 2011). When an individual consumer requests information and the medicine by name by their Doctor some of the responsibility while also applying pressure on the doctor to prescribe the new medicine.Additionally both the small and large pharmaceutical companies are now using digital media to promote their products. From TV and cable to Internet ads consumers are constantly being made aware of the virtues and minor drawbacks of a number specific pharmaceutical drugs. The reasoning behind this strategy by the pharmaceutical companies is relatively simple, if they can promote their products and make its trade name and cure synonymous with the ongoing medical armorial bearing in the publics mind, then they can create momentum utilizing the end customer. other reason for doing this is to get any of their major blockbuster drugs to pay for the company costs for their other company made drugs sold in littler volumes Another reason for marketing these blockbuster drugs as to make a success of these drugs synonymous with the company name creating consumer goodwill towards the next product. The in style(p) trend is for reduction in the number of blockbuster drugs and pharmaceutical companies delving back into their former research to find potential missing new specialized drugs, .this can be seen clearly by the reduction in applications to the FDA showing ever reducing numbers of new drugs. Another complication that pharmaceutical companies must contend with is the ever-growing number of over-the-counter substitutes (OTCs) that the consumers choose to purchase as an alternative.Over a period of 20 years Naprosyn was widely prescribed as an arthritis remedy but now is available as an over-the-counter drug. A whole spectrum of drugs from arthritis to antihistamines are now available without prescription providing relief to customers but adding little to the economic bottom line of pharmaceutical companies that originally developed these drugs. Another co mplication in drug marketing is the force exerted by HMOs on doctors and what doctors prescribe .Generally the majority of HMOs are not big on covering high prescription costs for new medicines recently brought to market. The economics are easily understandable because it is not about a single client which needs a single drug but the numbers are multiplied by the potential hundreds of thousands. Therefore HMOs seek to be conservative. And because of that they create a potential customer barrier for pharmaceutical companies with the new drug on the market at a very high price. Because of the HMO will not cover the price then the customer must, which generally means the consumer settles for less than the newest product.managed care organizations (MCO), compared with 5 per cent of the US population covered in 1980. These MCOs typically provided full coverage for prescription drugs. But, because of their sheer mass, these institutions had considerable bargaining power with drug compani esIf present industry overview is taken into consideration then the global pharmaceutical market in 2010 is projected to grow 4 6% surpass $825 billion. The global pharmaceutical market sales is expected to grow at a 4 7% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) through 2013. This industry growth is driven by stronger near-term growth in the US market and is based on the global macroeconomy, the changing junto of innovative and mature products apart from the rising influence of healthcare rise to power and funding on market demand.Global pharmaceutical market value is expected to expand to $975+ billion by 2013. Different regions of the world will influence the pharmaceutical industry trends in different ways. http//www.da-group.co.uk/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=31%3Amicro-and-macro-environmentscatid=2%3Amarketing-lecturesItemid=3CURRENT CHALLENGES FOR THE RESEARCH-BASED INDUSTRYTo understand why business as usual is no longer an option for the research-based drug indu stry, it is worth considering some of the myriad challenges that drug companies currently face. At the top of the bring up is the upcoming onslaught of patent expirations of many highrevenue- generating branded medicines. Between 2009 and 2012, worldwide sales for these products will exceed $112 billion (Table 1). Included in this come are 36 blockbusters (drugs with annual sales of $1 billion or more). Some important examples include Singulair (montelukast), with more than $4 billion in annual sales (patent expiration in 2012) Plavix (clopidogrel), with more than $8 billion in annual sales (patent expiration in 2011) and atorvastatin (atorvastatin), with an industry-leading $13.7 billion in annual sales (patent expiration in 2010). Given that only 3 in 10 new products, on average, founder revenues equal to or greater than average industry RD costs,1 the loss of patent protection on these blockbusters represents a very real threat to the industrys ability to sustain its own growt h. Without question, many of the large pharma mergers and acquisitions announced in 2009 reflect the industrys desire to avoid the imminent danger of the patent cliff, kind of than an interest in enhancing RD capabilities or scope.The current environment for innovation presents formidable economic, regulatory, and political challenges for the research-based pharmaceutical industry. In particular, the growing time, cost, and risk related to drug development are stubborn obstacles to filling industry pipelines and boosting the output of new pharmaceutical and biological products. Presented here is a model of an innovation network. Although structures whitethorn vary, the innovation network offers the best mechanism to ensure viability and economic success for all sectors of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry, as well as the uninterrupted flow of innovative lifesaving and life-improving medicines for waiting patients.The Rise of Contract Research Organizations clinical tri als are administered by investigators at hospitals, academic institutions or managed sites. The investigators find and code healthy and symptomatic volunteers, each of whom is required to sign an informed apply acknowledging acceptance of the drug and its potential side effects. The testing protocol and informed consent form are monitored by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in the sites where the trials are conducted. In essence, the IRB acts as an ethics committee to ensure the safety of patients and volunteers. Once clinical trials are completed, the data are subjected to biostatistical analysis over a 6 to 12 month period.3 If the data yield hopeful results, the sponsor seeks final approval though a New Drug Application (NDA). The NDA must contain all scientific information the sponsor has gathered and typically fills 100,000 pages or more.4 During the review period, the FDA assesses the safety and effectiveness of the drug, the manufacturing process, and the risk-benefit cal culus.5 By law, the FDA has 180 days to either approve the application or apprise the sponsor of the opportunity to request a hearing on the merits of the application.6 In practice, however, the FDA review process takes more than two years in 1996, for example, the mean approval time for NDAs was 17.8 months, down from over 30 months during the late 1980s.7 by-line approval, the FDA may require additional post-market research. Post-market surveillance regulations require the sponsor to request and periodically report additional safety and efficacy data.8 In addition, the FDA may request further clinical research (Phase IV) to find new uses for the drug, test dosage formulations, compare the drug to competitors treatments, and assess long-term effects.9 Finally, pharmaceuticalConclusionsA continuous call for ethical standards by pharmaceutical companies that market in the United States is often put aside because company marketing and business model of making profits matter more.(Ph armaceutical Drug Manufacturer, 2011). Brezis (2008) writes that the US public will lose out in the long run because the pharmaceutical companies are more focused on marketing and profits than about public health. Drug trial deaths still happen and have been set forth as a trade secret. It is not just one of the big pharmaceutical companies by Johnson Johnson, Merick and others whose own safety documents raise concerns that are conceal in stacks of papers while marketing continues (Brezis, 2008). But this is offset by the ability of both the doctor and patient to use the Internet to search out the detailed information and become truly informed. Each of them can then make an informed decision about the benefits and potential drawbacks of using pharmaceuticals.

Googles Human Resource Management

Googles Human mental imagery ManagementJames BushorMany organizations want to be able to confine their employees because it benefits their organizations in the long run. Today, there argon more organizations with postgraduate employee turnovers. juicy employee turnover can be a huge problem for some organizations because employee turnover is the numeral of employees they have to unceasingly hire to ensure that their organizations are operated consistently with their goals. High employee turnover can cost organizations at high expenses and can demonstrate a negative outcome on organizations. Ignoring this busy problem can lead to a destruction of an organization. Therefore, developing employee holding techniques is a best way to ensure that a needed turn of employees re primary(prenominal) employed while maintaining work performance and productivity. If employees are clever with their jobs at their organizations, it can lower their turnover rate. There are many organization s that succeederfully maintain its number of employees by its recruitment, selection, and retention practices. Google is going to be used as an example during discussion on this paper. Google has successfully well-kept its retention of high quality employees by its retention weapons platform. Lombardo (2017) give tongue to that Googles success is based on its high quality human resources. The company in the main emphasizes smartness and excellence among its employees. Googles human resource management also includes guardedly selected strategies, methods, and techniques for recruitment and selection, and for the retention of high quality workers. The firms recruitment practices and selection border ensure an adequate workforce. The retention programs at Google are somaed to hold in excellent employees. These programs also attract employees to the firm. The next section discusses how Google successfully maintains its number of employees by using its strategies, methods, and t echniques for recruitment and selection, and for retention of high quality employees.Lombardo (2017) stated that Googles human resource management uses a mixture of internal and international recruitment sources to maintain the adequacy of its human resources. The company uses promotions, transfers, and trainees/interns as the main internal recruitment sources for HR needs. On the other hand, the external recruitment sources at Google include educational institutions and respondents to job advertisements. Google ads are mostly affix on Googles Careers website and on various websites through search engines and institutions. Also, Google sends their high-skilled recruiters to various educational institutions to give a presentation about its opportunities. Google successfully enables a constant arrival of qualified employees with these recruitment practices.Googles human resource management has colonised the most significant criteria for the selection of applicants, which are smartn ess, creativity, drive for excellence, and alignment with the organization. Google does non view work experience as a major measuring for the selection regale. Google mostly seeks potential applicants that strive for excellence and renewal. Google has goals to maximize innovation to support its broad differentiation strategy. That explains how Google successfully created a wide innovation of applicable products and services that they provide to the world. Googles selection process commonly involves soil checks, preliminary screening, on-the-job tests, and interviews. Googles human resource management uses various procedures and move for various positions within Google.Google provides recompense packages to retain high qualified employees, which is integrity of the main Googles HRM tool to ensure that Googles operations are consistent with its goals and activities. Googles compensation packages are competitive and above average. Google provides high salaries and wages, free m eals, incentives, and benefits to employees. The typical design of Googles offices highlights fun and creativity, which attract and retain high qualified employees. Googles HRM provides coaching and mentoring program to retain and develop employees with leadership potential (Lombardo, 2017).With those strategies, methods, and techniques that Google uses, organizations can achieve their sought after goals to retain a number of employees. Also, those practices can reduce the costs of hiring process dramatically. Each organizations HRM should seek best practices that are shared widely by many organizations and also, they should create a new practice that supports their goals. Each organizations HRM should be encouraged to share their best practices with other organizations even though they whitethorn be in a competitive recruitment.ReferenceLombardo, J. (2017). Googles HRM Recruitment, Selection, Retention. Retrieved fromhttp//panmore.com/google-hrm-recruitment-selection-retention

Essay --

From my professional experience I have worked with different managers and supervisors. Most of who are academically sound and tumefy experienced in the medical field. It is important for me to be able to mark off between managing and leading, because these are two distinct ways of organizing people. Leadership is essentially setting a new vision/ direction for the governing or group that they follow. On the other hand, management controls and direct people, resources in the organization according to the values, ethics and principles that has been established by that organization. From our previous readings I think that people make choices to naturally and willingly follow a draw for various reasons e.g. their charisma, personality and management style, whereas a manager gives directives and are obeyed payable to the authority and power given to them. For these reasons, people more often depart loyal towards leaders than managers.The leader I have chosen to bubble about is t he Director of Pediatric Department and I would consider her to be an effective leader and a manger. I hav...